IMR Press / FBL / Volume 28 / Issue 10 / DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2810261
Open Access Review
Ciliated, Mitochondria-Rich Postmitotic Cells are Immune-privileged, and Mimic Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Tumor-Initiating Stem Cells: From Molecular Anatomy to Molecular Pathway
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1 Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, NSF International, Germantown, MD 20874, USA
2 Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
3 School of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, 1445613131 Tehran, Iran
5 ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, 1445613131 Tehran, Iran
*Correspondence: bbehnam@nsf.org; babak.behnam@gmail.com (Babak Behnam); taghizadeh_hesary.f@iums.ac.ir (Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary)
Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2023, 28(10), 261; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2810261
Submitted: 28 June 2023 | Revised: 15 September 2023 | Accepted: 9 October 2023 | Published: 24 October 2023
Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract

Cancer whose major problems are metastasis, treatment resistance, and recurrence is the leading cause of death worldwide. Tumor-initiating stem cells (TiSCs) are a subset of the tumor population responsible for tumor resistance and relapse. Understanding the characteristics and shared features between tumor-initiating stem cells (TiSCs) and long-lived postmitotic cells may hold a key to better understanding the biology of cancer. Postmitotic cells have exited the cell cycle and are transitioned into a non-dividing and terminally differentiated state with a specialized function within a tissue. Conversely, a cancer cell with TiSC feature can divide and produce a variety of progenies, and is responsible for disease progression, tumor resistance to therapy and immune system and disease relapse. Surprisingly, our comprehensive evaluation of TiSCs suggests common features with long-lived post-mitotic cells. They are similar in structure (primary cilia, high mitochondrial content, and being protected by a barrier), metabolism (autophagy and senescence), and function (immunoescape and/or immune-privileged by a blood barrier). In-depth exploration showed how mitochondrial metabolism contributes to these shared features, including high energy demands arising from ciliary and microtubular functionality, increased metabolic activity, and movement. These findings can assist in decoding the remaining properties which offer insights into the biology of TiSCs, with potential implications for enhancing cancer treatment strategies and patient prognosis.

Keywords
blood barrier
cilium
immunity
postmitotic cells
tumor-initiating stem cells
tumor microenvironment
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