Background: Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of the cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several risk factors lead to atherosclerosis, and altered nutrition is one among those. Nutrition has been ignored quite often in the process of CVD risk assessment. Altered nutrition along with carotid ultrasound imaging-driven atherosclerotic plaque features can help in understanding and banishing the problems associated with the late diagnosis of CVD. Artificial intelligence (AI) is another promisingly adopted technology for CVD risk assessment and management. Therefore, we hypothesize that the risk of atherosclerotic CVD can be accurately monitored using carotid ultrasound imaging, predicted using AI-based algorithms, and reduced with the help of proper nutrition. Layout: The review presents a pathophysiological link between nutrition and atherosclerosis by gaining a deep insight into the processes involved at each stage of plaque development. After targeting the causes and finding out results by low-cost, user-friendly, ultrasound-based arterial imaging, it is important to (i) stratify the risks and (ii) monitor them by measuring plaque burden and computing risk score as part of the preventive framework. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based strategies are used to provide efficient CVD risk assessments. Finally, the review presents the role of AI for CVD risk assessment during COVID-19. Conclusions: By studying the mechanism of low-density lipoprotein formation, saturated and trans fat, and other dietary components that lead to plaque formation, we demonstrate the use of CVD risk assessment due to nutrition and atherosclerosis disease formation during normal and COVID times. Further, nutrition if included, as a part of the associated risk factors can benefit from atherosclerotic disease progression and its management using AI-based CVD risk assessment.
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Nutrition, atherosclerosis, arterial imaging, cardiovascular risk stratification, and manifestations in COVID-19 framework: a narrative review
Smiksha Munjral1, Puneet Ahluwalia2, Ankush D. Jamthikar1,3, Anudeep Puvvula1,4, Luca Saba5, Gavino Faa6, Inder M Singh1, Paramjit S. Chadha1, Monika Turk7, Amer M. Johri8, Narendra N Khanna9, Klaudija Viskovic10, Sophie Mavrogeni11, John R Laird12, Gyan Pareek13, Martin Miner14, David W. Sobel13, Antonella Balestrieri5, Petros P Sfikakis15, George Tsoulfas16, Athanasios Protogerou17, Prasanna Misra18, Vikas Agarwal18, George D. Kitas19,20, Raghu Kolluri21, Jagjit Teji22, Mustafa Al-Maini23, Surinder K. Dhanjil1, Meyypan Sockalingam24, Ajit Saxena9, Aditya Sharma25, Vijay Rathore26, Mostafa Fatemi27, Azra Alizad28, Vijay Viswanathan29, P K Krishnan30, Tomaz Omerzu31, Subbaram Naidu32, Andrew Nicolaides33, Jasjit S. Suri1,*
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1
Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
2
Max Institute of Cancer Care, Max Superspeciality Hospital, 110058 New Delhi, India
3
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, 440001 Nagpur, India
4
Annu’s Hospitals for Skin and Diabetes, 24002 Nellore, AP, India
5
Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
6
Department of Pathology, AOU of Cagliari, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
7
The Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute for Advanced Study, 27749 Delmenhorst, Germany
8
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L, Canada
9
Department of Cardiology, Indraprastha APOLLO Hospitals, 110001 New Delhi, India
10
University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Crotia
11
Cardiology Clinic, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 106 71 Athens, Greece
12
Heart and Vascular Institute, Adventist Health St. Helena, St Helena, CA 94574, USA
13
Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
14
Men’s Health Center, Miriam Hospital Providence, RI 02903, USA
15
Rheumatology Unit, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 71 Athens, Greece
16
Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki, 546 30 Thessaloniki, Greece
17
National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 71 Athens, Greece
18
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, 226018 Lucknow, UP, India
19
Academic Affairs, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, DY2 8 Dudley, UK
20
Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Manchester University, M13 9 Manchester, UK
21
OhioHealth Heart and Vascular, OH 43311, USA
22
Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60629, USA
23
Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Institute, Toronto, ON M5H, Canada
24
MV Center of Diabetes, 600003 Bangalore, India
25
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
26
Nephrology Department, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA 95823, USA
27
Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engg., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, MN 55441, USA
28
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, MN 55441, USA
29
MV Hospital for Diabetes and Professor MVD Research Centre, 600003 Chennai, India
30
Neurology Department, Fortis Hospital, 562123 Bangalore, India
31
Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
32
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
33
Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, University of Nicosia Medical School, 999058 Nicosia, Cyprus
*Correspondence: jasjit.suri@atheropoint.com (Jasjit S. Suri)
Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2021, 26(11), 1312–1339;
https://doi.org/10.52586/5026
Submitted: 4 June 2021 | Revised: 17 September 2021 | Accepted: 23 September 2021 | Published: 30 November 2021
Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by BRI.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Abstract
Keywords
Nutrition
Atherosclerosis
CVD
Arterial imaging
Carotid
Ultrasound
Artificial intelligence
Risk stratification
Treatment
COVID-19
Plaque tissue charac-terization
Figures
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