Introduction: Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is an intractable chronic pain condition affecting a growing number of adults in China. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been employed in the treatment of PDN for several decades. However, the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of SCS are still inconclusive. Methods: In this study, we adopted an implantable pulse generator to deliver electrical stimulation (50 Hz, 200 us pulse width, 12 hours/day in 5 weeks) via a quadripolar electrode in the lumbar epidural space to treat pain hypersensitivity in the rat model of PDN. Electronic von Frey and Hargreaves tests were used to measure the responses to mechanical and heat stimuli, respectively. Quantitative PCR, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were adopted to explore the changes in neuroinflammation after SCS. Results: SCS alleviated mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia over a period of 3 weeks in diabetic rats. SCS completely suppressed neuropathy-induced Tlr4 and NF\kappaB p65 elevation, resulting in the reduction of pain-promoting Il1\beta, Il6, and Tnf\alpha proteins in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Conclusions: SCS may alleviate diabetic neuropathy-induced pain hypersensitivity via attenuating neuroinflammation in the spinal cord dorsal horn.