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[1]B.A. Barshop, J.A Gangoiti. Analysis of coenzyme Q in human blood and tissues. Mitochondrion, 7 Supp l: S89-93 (2007)
[2]C.M Quinzii, M. Hirano. Coenzyme Q and mitochondrial disease. Dev Disabil Res Rev, 16(2): 183-8. (2010)
[3]R. Artuch, M.A. Vilaseca, J. Moreno, N. Lambruschini, F.J. Cambra, J. Campistol. Decreased serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations in phenylketonuria. Am J Clin Nutr, 70(5): 892-5 (1999)
[4]F. Gazdik, A. Gvozdjakova,M. Horvathova,S. Weissova, J. Kucharska, M.R. Pijak, K. Gazdikova. Levels of coenzyme Q10 in asthmatics. Bratisl Lek Listy, 103 (10): 353-6 (2002)
[5]A.D. Hershey, S.W. Powers, A.L. Vockell, S.L. Lecates, P.L. Ellinor, A. Segers, D. Burdine, P. Manning, M.A. Kabbouche. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency and response to supplementation in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Headache, 47 (1): 73-80 (2007)
[6]J.M. Cooper, L.V. Korlipara, P.E. Hart, J.L. Bradley, A.H. Schapira. Coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E deficiency in Friedreich’s ataxia: predictor of efficacy of vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 therapy. Eur J Neurol, 15 (12): 1371-9 (2008)
[7]T.A. Laguna, M.K. Sontag, I. Osberg, J.S. Wagener, F.J. Accurso, R.J. Sokol. Decreased total serum coenzyme-Q10 concentrations: a longitudinal study in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr, 153 (3): 402-7 (2008)
[8]S.L. Molyneux, C.M. Florkowski, P.M. George, A.P. Pilbrow, C.M. Frampton, M. Lever, A.M. Richards. Coenzyme Q10: an independent predictor of mortality in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 52 (18): 1435-41 (2008)
[9]E. Teran, M. Racines-Orbe, S. Vivero, C. Escudero, G. Molina, A. Calle. Preeclampsia is associated with a decrease in plasma coenzyme Q10 levels. Free Radic Biol Med, 35 (11): 1453-6 (2003)
[10]M.V Miles, P.E. Putnam, L. Miles, P.H. Tang, A.J. DeGrauw, B.L. Wong, P.S. Horn, H.L. Foote, M.E. Rothenberg. Acquired coenzyme Q10 deficiency in children with recurrent food intolerance and allergies. Mitochondrion, 11 (1): 127-35 (2011)
[11]A. Mancini, G. Balercia. Coenzyme Q(10) in male infertility: physiopathology and therapy. Biofactors, 37(5): 374-80 (2011)
[12]G. Balercia, F. Mosca, F. Mantero, M. Boscaro, A. Mancini, G. Ricciardo-Lamonica, G. Littarru. Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot study.Fertil Steril, 81 (1): 93-8 (2004)
[13]R. Matthews, L. Yang, S. Browne, M. Baik, M. Beal. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 95, 8892-97 (1998)
[14]J.K. Lang, L. Packer. Quantitative determination of vitamin E and oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q by high-performance liquid chromatography with in-line ultraviolet and electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr, 385: 109-17 (1987)
[15]T. Okamoto, Y. Fukunaga, Y. Ida, T. Kishi. Determination of reduced and total ubiquinones in biological materials by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatog, 430 (1): 11-9 (1988)
[16]G. Grossi, P. Bargossi, L. Fiorella, S. Piazzi. Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in plasma. J. Chromatogr, 593, 217-226 (1992)
[17]T. Menke, P. Niklowitz, S. Adam, M. Weber, B. Schlüter, W. Andler. Simultaneous detection of ubiquinol-10, ubiquinone-10, and tocopherols in human plasma microsamples and macrosamples as a marker of oxidative damage in neonates and infants. Anal Biochem, 282(2): 209-17 (2000)
[18]J. Karpińska, B. Mikołuć, J. Piotrowska-Jastrzebska. Application of derivative spectrophotometry for determination of coenzyme Q10 in pharmaceuticals and plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal; 17(8): 1345-50 (1998)
[19]M. Takada, S. Ikenoya, T. Yuzuriha, K. Katayama. Studies on reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q (ubiquinones) II. The determination of oxidation-reduction levels of coenzyme Q in mitochondria, microsomes and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.Biochim Biophys Acta, 679(2): 308-14 (1982)
[20]Q. Wang, B.L Lee, C.N. Ong. Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method with precolumn reduction for the determination of ubiquinol and ubiquinone in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci App, 726 (1-2): 297-302 (1999)
[21]P. Jiang, M. Wu, Y. Zheng, C. Wang, Y. Li, J. Xin, G. Xu. Analysis of coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma by column-switching liquid chromatography J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 805(2): 297-301 (2004)
[22]M. Battino, L. Leone, S. Bompadre. High-performance liquid chromatography-EC assay of mitochondrial coenzyme Q9, coenzyme Q9H2, coenzyme Q10, coenzyme Q10H2, and vitamin E with a simplified on-line solid-phase extraction. Methods Enzymol, 378:156-62 (2004)
[23]P.O. Edlund. Determination of coenzyme Q10, alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol in biological samples by coupled-column liquid chromatography with coulometric and ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr, 425 (1): 87-97 (1988)
[24]P.H. Tang, M.V. Miles, A. DeGrauw, A. Hershey, A. Pesce. HPLC analysis of reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma. Clin Chem,47(2): 256-65 (2001)
[25]F. Mosca, D. Fattorini, S. Bompadre, G.P. Littarru. Assay of coenzyme Q(10) in plasma by a single dilution step. Anal Biochem, 305(1): 49-54 (2002)
[26]G.P. Littarru, F. Mosca, D. Fattorini, S. Bompadre, M. Battino. Assay of coenzyme Q10 in plasma by a single dilution step. Methods Enzymol, 378:170-6 (2004)
[27]P. Niklowitz, T. Menke, W. Andler, J.G. Okun. Simultaneous analysis of coenzyme Q10 in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets: comparison of the antioxidant level in blood cells and their environment in healthy children and after oral supplementation in adults. Clin Chim Acta, 342(1-2): 219-26 (2004)
[28]M.V. Miles, P.H. Tang, L. Miles, P.E. Steele, M.J. Moye, P.S. Horn. Validation and application of an HPLC-EC method for analysis of coenzyme Q10 in blood platelets. Biomed Chromatogr, 22(12): 1403-8 (2008)
[29]P. Niklowitz, A. Sonnenschein, B. Janetzky, W. Andler, T. Menke. Enrichment of coenzyme Q10 in plasma and blood cells: defense against oxidative damage. Int J Biol Sci, 3(4): 257-62 (2007)
[30]Q. Lü, H. Wang, T. Hu, M. Zhu. Study on changes of vitamin nutrition status of population in a high-risk area of esophageal cancer. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu,36(6): 719-21 (2007)
[31]R. Montero, J.A. Sánchez-Alcázar, P. Briones, A.R. Hernández, M.D. Cordero, E. Trevisson, L. Salviati, M. Pineda, A. García-Cazorla, P. Navas, R. Artuch.Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in muscle and fibroblasts for the diagnosis of CoQ10 deficiency syndromes. Clin Biochem,41(9): 697-700 (2008)
[32]S.L. Molyneux, J.M. Young, C.M. Florkowski, M. Lever, P.M. George. Coenzyme Q10: is there a clinical role and a case for measurement? Clin Biochem Rev, 29(2): 71-82 (2008)
[33]M. Martinefski, P. Samassa, S. Lucangioli and V. Tripodi. A novel non-invasive sampling method using buccal mucosa cells for determination of coenzyme Q10. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.
[34]M. Contin, S. Flor, M. Martinefski, S. Lucangioli, V. Tripodi. The use of coenzyme Q0 as a template in the development of a molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective recognition of coenzyme Q10. Anal Chim Acta, 807:67-74 (2014)
[35]V. Pichon, Selective sample treatment using molecularly imprinted polymers. J. Chromatogr. A, 1152:41-53 (2007)
[36]P. Jiang, M. Wu, Y. Zheng, C. Wang, Y. Li, J. Xin, G. Xu, Analysis of coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma by column-switching liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B, 805:297-301 (2004)
[37]J. Ruiz-Jiménez, F. Priego-Capote, J.M. Mata-Granados, J.M. Quesada, M.D. Luque de Castro. Determination of the ubiquinol-10 and ubiquinone-10 (coenzyme Q10) in human serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate the oxidative stress. J Chromatogr A, 1175(2): 242-8 (2007)
[38]K. Teshima, T. Kondo. Analytical method for ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-10 in rat tissues by liquid chromatography/turbo ion spray tandem mass spectrometry with 1-alkylamine as an additive to the mobile phase. Anal Biochem, 338(1): 12-9 (2005)
[39]G. Hansen, P. Christensen, E. Tüchsen, T. Lund. Sensitive and selective analysis of coenzyme Q10 in human serum by negative APCI LC-MS. Analyst, 129(1): 45-50 (2004)
[40]R. Rodríguez-Acuña, E. Brenne, F. Lacoste. Determination of coenzyme Q10 and Q9 in vegetable oils. J Agric Food Chem, 56(15): 6241-5 (2008)
[41]Z. Tang, S. Li, X. Guan, P. Schmitt-Kopplin, S. Lin,Z. Cai. Rapid assessment of the coenzyme Q10 redox state using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tándem mass spectrometry. Analyst, 139(21): 5600-4 (2014)
[42]V. Tripodi, S. Flor, M. Contin, S. Lucangioli. Simple, Highly Sensitive Micro HPLC Method for the Determination of Coenzyme Q10 and its Major Related Substances. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Techol, 32:860–873 (2009)
[43]Y. Nohara, J. Suzuki, H. Kubo. Determination of ubiquinone in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescence derivatization using 2-cyanoacetamide. J Fluoresc, 21(6): 2093-100 (2011)
[44]K. Abe, K. Ishibashi, M. Ohmae, K. Kawabe, G. Katsui. Determination of ubiquinone in serum and liver by high-speed liquid chromatography. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 24(6): 555-67 (1978)
[45]N. Kishikawa,N. Ohkubo, K. Ohyama, K. Nakashima, N. Kuroda. Selective determination of ubiquinone in human plasma by HPLC with chemiluminescence reaction based on the redox cycle of quinone. Anal Bioanal Chem, 400(2): 381-5 (2011)
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[49]M. Contin, M. Martinefski, S. Lucangioli S. V. Tripodi. Sistema cromatográfico miniaturizado para la determinación de coenzima Q10 en plasma, músculo y plaquetas. Acta Bioquim Clín Latinoam 45(2):273-278 (2011)
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Frontiers in Bioscience-Scholar (FBS) is published by IMR Press from Volume 13 Issue 1 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
Coenzyme Q10 analytical determination in biological matrices and pharmaceuticals
1 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnologicas, CONICET, Argentina
2 Departamento de Tecnología Farmaceutica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
In recent years, the analytical determination of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has gained importance in clinical diagnosis and in pharmaceutical quality control. CoQ10 is an important cofactor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and a potent endogenous antioxidant. CoQ10 deficiency is often associated with numerous diseases and patients with these conditions may benefit from administration of supplements of CoQ10. In this regard, it has been observed that the best benefits are obtained when CoQ10 deficiency is diagnosed and treated early. Therefore, it is of great value to develop analytical methods for the detection and quantification of CoQ10 in this type of disease. The methods above mentioned should be simple enough to be used in routine clinical laboratories as well as in quality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing CoQ10. Here, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of CoQ10 analysis.
Keywords
- Coenzyme Q10
- HPLC
- Capillary Electrophoresis
- Chromatography
References
- [1] B.A. Barshop, J.A Gangoiti. Analysis of coenzyme Q in human blood and tissues. Mitochondrion, 7 Supp l: S89-93 (2007)
- [2] C.M Quinzii, M. Hirano. Coenzyme Q and mitochondrial disease. Dev Disabil Res Rev, 16(2): 183-8. (2010)
- [3] R. Artuch, M.A. Vilaseca, J. Moreno, N. Lambruschini, F.J. Cambra, J. Campistol. Decreased serum ubiquinone-10 concentrations in phenylketonuria. Am J Clin Nutr, 70(5): 892-5 (1999)
- [4] F. Gazdik, A. Gvozdjakova,M. Horvathova,S. Weissova, J. Kucharska, M.R. Pijak, K. Gazdikova. Levels of coenzyme Q10 in asthmatics. Bratisl Lek Listy, 103 (10): 353-6 (2002)
- [5] A.D. Hershey, S.W. Powers, A.L. Vockell, S.L. Lecates, P.L. Ellinor, A. Segers, D. Burdine, P. Manning, M.A. Kabbouche. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency and response to supplementation in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Headache, 47 (1): 73-80 (2007)
- [6] J.M. Cooper, L.V. Korlipara, P.E. Hart, J.L. Bradley, A.H. Schapira. Coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E deficiency in Friedreich’s ataxia: predictor of efficacy of vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 therapy. Eur J Neurol, 15 (12): 1371-9 (2008)
- [7] T.A. Laguna, M.K. Sontag, I. Osberg, J.S. Wagener, F.J. Accurso, R.J. Sokol. Decreased total serum coenzyme-Q10 concentrations: a longitudinal study in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr, 153 (3): 402-7 (2008)
- [8] S.L. Molyneux, C.M. Florkowski, P.M. George, A.P. Pilbrow, C.M. Frampton, M. Lever, A.M. Richards. Coenzyme Q10: an independent predictor of mortality in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 52 (18): 1435-41 (2008)
- [9] E. Teran, M. Racines-Orbe, S. Vivero, C. Escudero, G. Molina, A. Calle. Preeclampsia is associated with a decrease in plasma coenzyme Q10 levels. Free Radic Biol Med, 35 (11): 1453-6 (2003)
- [10] M.V Miles, P.E. Putnam, L. Miles, P.H. Tang, A.J. DeGrauw, B.L. Wong, P.S. Horn, H.L. Foote, M.E. Rothenberg. Acquired coenzyme Q10 deficiency in children with recurrent food intolerance and allergies. Mitochondrion, 11 (1): 127-35 (2011)
- [11] A. Mancini, G. Balercia. Coenzyme Q(10) in male infertility: physiopathology and therapy. Biofactors, 37(5): 374-80 (2011)
- [12] G. Balercia, F. Mosca, F. Mantero, M. Boscaro, A. Mancini, G. Ricciardo-Lamonica, G. Littarru. Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot study.Fertil Steril, 81 (1): 93-8 (2004)
- [13] R. Matthews, L. Yang, S. Browne, M. Baik, M. Beal. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 95, 8892-97 (1998)
- [14] J.K. Lang, L. Packer. Quantitative determination of vitamin E and oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q by high-performance liquid chromatography with in-line ultraviolet and electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr, 385: 109-17 (1987)
- [15] T. Okamoto, Y. Fukunaga, Y. Ida, T. Kishi. Determination of reduced and total ubiquinones in biological materials by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatog, 430 (1): 11-9 (1988)
- [16] G. Grossi, P. Bargossi, L. Fiorella, S. Piazzi. Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in plasma. J. Chromatogr, 593, 217-226 (1992)
- [17] T. Menke, P. Niklowitz, S. Adam, M. Weber, B. Schlüter, W. Andler. Simultaneous detection of ubiquinol-10, ubiquinone-10, and tocopherols in human plasma microsamples and macrosamples as a marker of oxidative damage in neonates and infants. Anal Biochem, 282(2): 209-17 (2000)
- [18] J. Karpińska, B. Mikołuć, J. Piotrowska-Jastrzebska. Application of derivative spectrophotometry for determination of coenzyme Q10 in pharmaceuticals and plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal; 17(8): 1345-50 (1998)
- [19] M. Takada, S. Ikenoya, T. Yuzuriha, K. Katayama. Studies on reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q (ubiquinones) II. The determination of oxidation-reduction levels of coenzyme Q in mitochondria, microsomes and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.Biochim Biophys Acta, 679(2): 308-14 (1982)
- [20] Q. Wang, B.L Lee, C.N. Ong. Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method with precolumn reduction for the determination of ubiquinol and ubiquinone in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci App, 726 (1-2): 297-302 (1999)
- [21] P. Jiang, M. Wu, Y. Zheng, C. Wang, Y. Li, J. Xin, G. Xu. Analysis of coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma by column-switching liquid chromatography J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 805(2): 297-301 (2004)
- [22] M. Battino, L. Leone, S. Bompadre. High-performance liquid chromatography-EC assay of mitochondrial coenzyme Q9, coenzyme Q9H2, coenzyme Q10, coenzyme Q10H2, and vitamin E with a simplified on-line solid-phase extraction. Methods Enzymol, 378:156-62 (2004)
- [23] P.O. Edlund. Determination of coenzyme Q10, alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol in biological samples by coupled-column liquid chromatography with coulometric and ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr, 425 (1): 87-97 (1988)
- [24] P.H. Tang, M.V. Miles, A. DeGrauw, A. Hershey, A. Pesce. HPLC analysis of reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma. Clin Chem,47(2): 256-65 (2001)
- [25] F. Mosca, D. Fattorini, S. Bompadre, G.P. Littarru. Assay of coenzyme Q(10) in plasma by a single dilution step. Anal Biochem, 305(1): 49-54 (2002)
- [26] G.P. Littarru, F. Mosca, D. Fattorini, S. Bompadre, M. Battino. Assay of coenzyme Q10 in plasma by a single dilution step. Methods Enzymol, 378:170-6 (2004)
- [27] P. Niklowitz, T. Menke, W. Andler, J.G. Okun. Simultaneous analysis of coenzyme Q10 in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets: comparison of the antioxidant level in blood cells and their environment in healthy children and after oral supplementation in adults. Clin Chim Acta, 342(1-2): 219-26 (2004)
- [28] M.V. Miles, P.H. Tang, L. Miles, P.E. Steele, M.J. Moye, P.S. Horn. Validation and application of an HPLC-EC method for analysis of coenzyme Q10 in blood platelets. Biomed Chromatogr, 22(12): 1403-8 (2008)
- [29] P. Niklowitz, A. Sonnenschein, B. Janetzky, W. Andler, T. Menke. Enrichment of coenzyme Q10 in plasma and blood cells: defense against oxidative damage. Int J Biol Sci, 3(4): 257-62 (2007)
- [30] Q. Lü, H. Wang, T. Hu, M. Zhu. Study on changes of vitamin nutrition status of population in a high-risk area of esophageal cancer. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu,36(6): 719-21 (2007)
- [31] R. Montero, J.A. Sánchez-Alcázar, P. Briones, A.R. Hernández, M.D. Cordero, E. Trevisson, L. Salviati, M. Pineda, A. García-Cazorla, P. Navas, R. Artuch.Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in muscle and fibroblasts for the diagnosis of CoQ10 deficiency syndromes. Clin Biochem,41(9): 697-700 (2008)
- [32] S.L. Molyneux, J.M. Young, C.M. Florkowski, M. Lever, P.M. George. Coenzyme Q10: is there a clinical role and a case for measurement? Clin Biochem Rev, 29(2): 71-82 (2008)
- [33] M. Martinefski, P. Samassa, S. Lucangioli and V. Tripodi. A novel non-invasive sampling method using buccal mucosa cells for determination of coenzyme Q10. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.
- [34] M. Contin, S. Flor, M. Martinefski, S. Lucangioli, V. Tripodi. The use of coenzyme Q0 as a template in the development of a molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective recognition of coenzyme Q10. Anal Chim Acta, 807:67-74 (2014)
- [35] V. Pichon, Selective sample treatment using molecularly imprinted polymers. J. Chromatogr. A, 1152:41-53 (2007)
- [36] P. Jiang, M. Wu, Y. Zheng, C. Wang, Y. Li, J. Xin, G. Xu, Analysis of coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma by column-switching liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B, 805:297-301 (2004)
- [37] J. Ruiz-Jiménez, F. Priego-Capote, J.M. Mata-Granados, J.M. Quesada, M.D. Luque de Castro. Determination of the ubiquinol-10 and ubiquinone-10 (coenzyme Q10) in human serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate the oxidative stress. J Chromatogr A, 1175(2): 242-8 (2007)
- [38] K. Teshima, T. Kondo. Analytical method for ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-10 in rat tissues by liquid chromatography/turbo ion spray tandem mass spectrometry with 1-alkylamine as an additive to the mobile phase. Anal Biochem, 338(1): 12-9 (2005)
- [39] G. Hansen, P. Christensen, E. Tüchsen, T. Lund. Sensitive and selective analysis of coenzyme Q10 in human serum by negative APCI LC-MS. Analyst, 129(1): 45-50 (2004)
- [40] R. Rodríguez-Acuña, E. Brenne, F. Lacoste. Determination of coenzyme Q10 and Q9 in vegetable oils. J Agric Food Chem, 56(15): 6241-5 (2008)
- [41] Z. Tang, S. Li, X. Guan, P. Schmitt-Kopplin, S. Lin,Z. Cai. Rapid assessment of the coenzyme Q10 redox state using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tándem mass spectrometry. Analyst, 139(21): 5600-4 (2014)
- [42] V. Tripodi, S. Flor, M. Contin, S. Lucangioli. Simple, Highly Sensitive Micro HPLC Method for the Determination of Coenzyme Q10 and its Major Related Substances. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Techol, 32:860–873 (2009)
- [43] Y. Nohara, J. Suzuki, H. Kubo. Determination of ubiquinone in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescence derivatization using 2-cyanoacetamide. J Fluoresc, 21(6): 2093-100 (2011)
- [44] K. Abe, K. Ishibashi, M. Ohmae, K. Kawabe, G. Katsui. Determination of ubiquinone in serum and liver by high-speed liquid chromatography. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 24(6): 555-67 (1978)
- [45] N. Kishikawa,N. Ohkubo, K. Ohyama, K. Nakashima, N. Kuroda. Selective determination of ubiquinone in human plasma by HPLC with chemiluminescence reaction based on the redox cycle of quinone. Anal Bioanal Chem, 400(2): 381-5 (2011)
- [46] G. Rozing, E. Nägele, P. Hörth, M. Vollmer, R. Moritz, B. Glatz, A. Gratzfeld-Hüsgen. Instrumentation for Advanced Microseparations in Pharmaceutical Analysis and Proteomics. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 60, 233-263 (2004)
- [47] M. Ascenio Ramos, J. Hernandez Borges, A. Rocco, S. Fanali. Food Analysis: A Continuous Challenge for Miniaturized Separation Techniques. J Sep Sci, 32(21), 3764–3800 (2009)
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