Macrophage Polarization in Left Ventricular Structural Remodeling Induced by Hypertension

Following long-term hypertension, mechanical stretching and neuroendocrine stimulation, cause multiple heterogeneous cells of the heart to interact, and result in myocardial remodeling with myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. The immune system, specifically macrophages, plays a vital role in this process. Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic. Regulated by factors such as microenvironment and cytokines, polarization can be divided into two main forms: M1/M2, with different polarizations playing different roles in left ventricular structural remodeling associated with hypertension. However, descriptions of macrophage phenotypes in hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy models are not completely consistent. This article summarizes the phenotypes of macrophages in several models, aiming to assist researchers in studying macrophage phenotypes in hypertension-induced left ventricular structural remodeling models.

Keywords

hypertension

left ventricular hypertrophy

macrophage

polarization

M1/M2 phenotype

experimental animals

Funding

82074135/National Natural Science Foundation of China

Figures

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Fig. 1.

Differing stimulus, markers, and secretions of M1/M2 macrophages phenotypes. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IFN- $\gamma{}$ , interferon $\gamma{}$ ; TNF- $\alpha{}$ , tumor necrosis factor $\alpha{}$ ; CD86, cluster of differentiation 86; CD36, cluster of differentiation 36; CD80, cluster of differentiation 80; IL-1 $\beta{}$ , interleukin 1 $\beta{}$ ; IL-6, interleukin 6; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; CCL-2, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; CCL-5, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5; CXCL1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; CXCL2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCR-2, chemokine receptors C-C chemokine receptor type 2; CCR-5, C-C chemokine receptor type 5; IL-4, interleukin 4; IL-10, interleukin 10; CD206, cluster of differentiation 206; Mrc1, macrophage mannose receptor 1; CD163, cluster of differentiation 163; TGF- $\beta{}$ , transforming growth factor-beta; IL-13, interleukin 13; Ym-1, chitinase3-like1; Arg-1, arginase-1; CX3CL1, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1.

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Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. Print ISSN 1530-6550 Electronic ISSN 2153-8174