†These authors contributed equally.
Academic Editor: Maurizio Pieroni
Cardiac hypertrophy develops in response to increased workload to reduce
ventricular wall stress and maintain function and efficiency. Pathological
hypertrophy can be adaptive at the beginning. However, if the stimulus persists,
it may progress to ventricular chamber dilatation, contractile dysfunction, and
heart failure, resulting in poorer outcome and increased social burden. The main
pathophysiological mechanisms of pathological hypertrophy are cell death,
fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of Ca