INTRODUCTION AND AIMS. Until the early 20th century, pharmacological treatments for neurological disorders were scarce and inefficient; only bromides stood out as sedating and antiepileptic agents. DEVELOPMENT. The introduction of barbiturates for clinical use in 1904 heralded the beginning of a new age in the pharmacological management of certain neurological pathologies. In this study, we analyse the historical process of the discovery and use of barbiturates in the field of neurology, from the moment it was started by von Baeyer in 1864, with the synthesis of malonylurea, up to the period of the decline of barbiturate therapy in the 1960s. In 1903, von Mering and Fischer discovered the hypnotic properties of barbital and later synthesised phenobarbital (1911). In the years that followed a number of barbiturates, such as butobarbital, amobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental, and so on, were gradually incorporated into the therapeutic arsenal. During this period, the different therapeutic uses of barbiturates in neurology were analysed, from their traditional use as hypnotic agents (von Husen) to the discovery of the anticonvulsant properties of phenobarbital (Hauptmann) and its use in the treatment of epilepsy.

CONCLUSIONS The barbiturates were one of the first pharmacological tools that proved to be really effective in the management of some neurological disorders. Nevertheless, problems associated with their safety (dependence phenomena and deaths from overdoses), together with the introduction of numerous psychopharmacological agents in the 1950s, ended up eclipsing the use of barbiturates, except for a few very specific cases in which they are still indicated.