Submit
Search
Submit
Menu

  • Information

  • References

  • Contents

  • [1]Q. Li, J. Yang, Q. Yu, H. Wu, B. Liu, H. Xiong, G. Hu, J. Zhao, X. Yuan and Z. Liao: Associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the PI3K-PTEN-AKT-mTOR pathway and increased risk of brain metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 19, 6252-60 (2013) .+??=

  • [2]L. Nayak, E. Q. Lee and P. Y. Wen: Epidemiology of brain metastases. Curr Oncol Rep, 14, 48-54 (2012) .+??=

  • [3]J. S. Barnholtz-Sloan, A. E. Sloan, F. G. Davis, F. D. Vigneau, P. Lai and R. E. Sawaya: Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. J Clin Oncol, 22, 2865-72 (2004) .+??=

  • [4]M. Niemiec, M. Glogowski, D. Tyc-Szczepaniak, M. Wierzchowski and L. Kepka: Characteristics of long-term survivors of brain metastases from lung cancer. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother, 16, 49-53 (2011) .+??=

  • [5]N. U. Lin: Breast cancer brain metastases: new directions in systemic therapy. Ecancermedicalscience, 7, 307 (2013)

  • [6]X. Cheng and M. C. Hung: Breast cancer brain metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 26, 635-43 (2007) .+??=

  • [7]J. C. Flanigan, L. B. Jilaveanu, M. Faries, M. Sznol, S. Ariyan, J. B. Yu, J. P. S. Knisely, V. L. Chiang and H. M. Kluger: Melanoma Brain Metastases: Is It Time to Reassess the Bias? Current Problems in Cancer, 35, 200-210 (2011) .+??=

  • [8]S. Culine, M. Bekradda, A. Kramar, A. Rey, B. Escudier and J. P. Droz: Prognostic factors for survival in patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 83, 2548-53 (1998) .+??=

  • [9]M. Wronski and E. Arbit: Resection of brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma in 73 patients. Cancer, 85, 1677-85 (1999) .+??=

  • [10]P. W. Sperduto, N. Kased, D. Roberge, Z. Xu, R. Shanley, X. Luo, P. K. Sneed, S. T. Chao, R. J. Weil, J. Suh, A. Bhatt, A. W. Jensen, P. D. Brown, H. A. Shih, J. Kirkpatrick, L. E. Gaspar, J. B. Fiveash, V. Chiang, J. P. Knisely, C. M. Sperduto, N. Lin and M. Mehta: Summary report on the graded prognostic assessment: an accurate and facile diagnosis-specific tool to estimate survival for patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol, 30, 419-25 (2012) .+??=

  • [11]C. L. Chaffer and R. A. Weinberg: A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science, 331, 1559-64 (2011) .+??=

  • [12]M. Rettig, K. Trinidad, G. Pezeshkpour, P. Frost, S. Sharma, F. Moatamed, F. Tamanoi and F. Mortazavi: PAK1 kinase promotes cell motility and invasiveness through CRK-II serine phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One, 7, e42012 (2012) .+??=

  • [13]B. De Craene and G. Berx: Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat Rev Cancer, 13, 97-110 (2013) .+??=

  • [14]M. R. Roh, Z. Zheng, H. S. Kim, J. E. Kwon, H. C. Jeung, S. Y. Rha and K. Y. Chung: Differential expression patterns of MMPs and their role in the invasion of epithelial premalignant tumors and invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol, 92, 236-42 (2012) .+??=

  • [15]A. A. Powell, A. H. Talasaz, H. Zhang, M. A. Coram, A. Reddy, G. Deng, M. L. Telli, R. H. Advani, R. W. Carlson, J. A. Mollick, S. Sheth, A. W. Kurian, J. M. Ford, F. E. Stockdale, S. R. Quake, R. F. Pease, M. N. Mindrinos, G. Bhanot, S. H. Dairkee, R. W. Davis and S. S. Jeffrey: Single cell profiling of circulating tumor cells: transcriptional heterogeneity and diversity from breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One, 7, e33788 (2012) .+??=

  • [16]M. J. Wolf, A. Hoos, J. Bauer, S. Boettcher, M. Knust, A. Weber, N. Simonavicius, C. Schneider, M. Lang, M. Sturzl, R. S. Croner, A. Konrad, M. G. Manz, H. Moch, A. Aguzzi, G. van Loo, M. Pasparakis, M. Prinz, L. Borsig and M. Heikenwalder: Endothelial CCR2 signaling induced by colon carcinoma cells enables extravasation via the JAK2-Stat5 and p38MAPK pathway. Cancer Cell, 22, 91-105 (2012) .+??=

  • [17]K. Wu, K. Fukuda, F. Xing, Y. Zhang, S. Sharma, Y. Liu, M. D. Chan, X. Zhou, S. A. Qasem, R. Pochampally, Y. Y. Mo and K. Watabe: Roles of the cyclooxygenase 2 matrix metalloproteinase 1 pathway in brain metastasis of breast cancer. J Biol Chem, 290, 9842-54 (2015) .+??=

  • [18]E. Sahai: Illuminating the metastatic process. Nat Rev Cancer, 7, 737-49 (2007) .+??=

  • [19]I. J. Fidler: Metastasis: guantitative analysis of distribution and fate of tumor embolilabeled with 125 I-5-iodo-2’-deoxyuridine. J Natl Cancer Inst, 45, 773-82 (1970)

  • [20]J. W. Kim, C. W. Wong, J. D. Goldsmith, C. Song, W. Fu, M. B. Allion, M. Herlyn, A. B. Al-Mehdi and R. J. Muschel: Rapid apoptosis in the pulmonary vasculature distinguishes non-metastatic from metastatic melanoma cells. Cancer Lett, 213, 203-12 (2004) .+??=

  • [21]K. J. Luzzi, I. C. MacDonald, E. E. Schmidt, N. Kerkvliet, V. L. Morris, A. F. Chambers and A. C. Groom: Multistep nature of metastatic inefficiency: dormancy of solitary cells after successful extravasation and limited survival of early micrometastases. Am J Pathol, 153, 865-73 (1998) .+??=

  • [22]S. Paget: The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 8, 98-101 (1989)

  • [23]L. Bubendorf, A. Schopfer, U. Wagner, G. Sauter, H. Moch, N. Willi, T. C. Gasser and M. J. Mihatsch: Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1,589 patients. Hum Pathol, 31, 578-83 (2000) .+??=

  • [24]B. Weigelt, J. L. Peterse and L. J. van ‘t Veer: Breast cancer metastasis: markers and models. Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 591-602 (2005) .+??=

  • [25]S. Seely: Possible reasons for the high resistance of muscle to cancer. Med Hypotheses, 6, 133-7 (1980) .+??=

  • [26]B. B. Johansson: The physiology of the blood-brain barrier. Adv Exp Med Biol, 274, 25-39 (1990) .+??=

  • [27]N. Gregoire: The blood-brain barrier. J Neuroradiol, 16, 238-50 (1989)

  • [28]N. H. Greig, H. B. Jones and J. B. Cavanagh: Blood-brain barrier integrity and host responses in experimental metastatic brain tumours. Clin Exp Metastasis, 1, 229-46 (1983) .+??=

  • [29]H. Hasegawa, Y. Ushio, T. Hayakawa, K. Yamada and H. Mogami: Changes of the blood-brain barrier in experimental metastatic brain tumors. J Neurosurg, 59, 304-10 (1983) .+??=

  • [30]R. D. Zhang, J. E. Price, T. Fujimaki, C. D. Bucana and I. J. Fidler: Differential permeability of the blood-brain barrier in experimental brain metastases produced by human neoplasms implanted into nude mice. Am J Pathol, 141, 1115-24 (1992)

  • [31]S. M. Stamatovic, R. F. Keep and A. V. Andjelkovic: Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to “open” the blood brain barrier. Curr Neuropharmacol, 6, 179-92 (2008) .+??=

  • [32]Y. Dong and E. N. Benveniste: Immune function of astrocytes. Glia, 36, 180-90 (2001) .+??=

  • [33]M. V. Sofroniew: Reactive astrocytes in neural repair and protection. Neuroscientist, 11, 400-7 (2005) .+??=

  • [34]N. J. Abbott, L. Ronnback and E. Hansson: Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci, 7, 41-53 (2006) .+??=

  • [35]A. Araque, V. Parpura, R. P. Sanzgiri and P. G. Haydon: Glutamate-dependent astrocyte modulation of synaptic transmission between cultured hippocampal neurons. Eur J Neurosci, 10, 2129-42 (1998) .+??=

  • [36]F. Kirchhoff, R. Dringen and C. Giaume: Pathways of neuron-astrocyte interactions and their possible role in neuroprotection. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 251, 159-69 (2001) .+??=

  • [37]R. D. Fields and B. Stevens-Graham: New insights into neuron-glia communication. Science, 298, 556-62 (2002) .+??=

  • [38]D. L. Montgomery: Astrocytes: form, functions, and roles in disease. Vet Pathol, 31, 145-67 (1994) .+??=

  • [39]E. R. O’Connor and H. K. Kimelberg: Role of calcium in astrocyte volume regulation and in the release of ions and amino acids. J Neurosci, 13, 2638-50 (1993)

  • [40]D. P. Fitzgerald, D. Palmieri, E. Hua, E. Hargrave, J. M. Herring, Y. Qian, E. Vega-Valle, R. J. Weil, A. M. Stark, A. O. Vortmeyer and P. S. Steeg: Reactive glia are recruited by highly proliferative brain metastases of breast cancer and promote tumor cell colonization. Clin Exp Metastasis, 25, 799-810 (2008) .+??=

  • [41]Q. Lin, K. Balasubramanian, D. Fan, S. J. Kim, L. Guo, H. Wang, M. Bar-Eli, K. D. Aldape and I. J. Fidler: Reactive astrocytes protect melanoma cells from chemotherapy by sequestering intracellular calcium through gap junction communication channels. Neoplasia, 12, 748-54 (2010) .+??=

  • [42]M. Lorger and B. Felding-Habermann: Capturing changes in the brain microenvironment during initial steps of breast cancer brain metastasis. Am J Pathol, 176, 2958-71 (2010) .+??=

  • [43]T. Seike, K. Fujita, Y. Yamakawa, M. A. Kido, S. Takiguchi, N. Teramoto, H. Iguchi and M. Noda: Interaction between lung cancer cells and astrocytes via specific inflammatory cytokines in the microenvironment of brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis, 28, 13-25 (2011) .+??=

  • [44]S. J. Kim, J. S. Kim, E. S. Park, J. S. Lee, Q. Lin, R. R. Langley, M. Maya, J. He, S. W. Kim, Z. Weihua, K. Balasubramanian, D. Fan, G. B. Mills, M. C. Hung and I. J. Fidler: Astrocytes upregulate survival genes in tumor cells and induce protection from chemotherapy. Neoplasia, 13, 286-98 (2011) .+??=

  • [45]D. Marchetti, J. Li and R. Shen: Astrocytes contribute to the brain-metastatic specificity of melanoma cells by producing heparanase. Cancer Res, 60, 4767-70 (2000)

  • [46]F. Xing, A. Kobayashi, H. Okuda, M. Watabe, S. K. Pai, P. R. Pandey, S. Hirota, A. Wilber, Y. Y. Mo, B. E. Moore, W. Liu, K. Fukuda, M. Iiizumi, S. Sharma, Y. Liu, K. Wu, E. Peralta and K. Watabe: Reactive astrocytes promote the metastatic growth of breast cancer stem-like cells by activating Notch signalling in brain. EMBO Mol Med, 5, 384-96 (2013) .+??=

  • [47]F. Xing, H. Okuda, M. Watabe, A. Kobayashi, S. K. Pai, W. Liu, P. R. Pandey, K. Fukuda, S. Hirota, T. Sugai, G. Wakabayshi, K. Koeda, M. Kashiwaba, K. Suzuki, T. Chiba, M. Endo, Y. Y. Mo and K. Watabe: Hypoxia-induced Jagged2 promotes breast cancer metastasis and self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells. Oncogene, 30, 4075-86 (2011) .+??=

  • [48]A. Raza, M. J. Franklin and A. Z. Dudek: Pericytes and vessel maturation during tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Am J Hematol, 85, 593-8 (2010) .+??=

  • [49]H. Gerhardt and H. Semb: Pericytes: gatekeepers in tumour cell metastasis? J Mol Med (Berl), 86, 135-44 (2008) .+??=

  • [50]B. P. He, J. J. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Wu, M. Wang, B. H. Bay and A. Y. Chang: Differential reactions of microglia to brain metastasis of lung cancer. Mol Med, 12, 161-70 (2006) .+??=

  • [51]T. Pukrop, F. Dehghani, H. N. Chuang, R. Lohaus, K. Bayanga, S. Heermann, T. Regen, D. Van Rossum, F. Klemm, M. Schulz, L. Siam, A. Hoffmann, L. Trumper, C. Stadelmann, I. Bechmann, U. K. Hanisch and C. Binder: Microglia promote colonization of brain tissue by breast cancer cells in a Wnt-dependent way. Glia, 58, 1477-89 (2010) .+??=

  • [52]X. Z. Ye, S. L. Xu, Y. H. Xin, S. C. Yu, Y. F. Ping, L. Chen, H. L. Xiao, B. Wang, L. Yi, Q. L. Wang, X. F. Jiang, L. Yang, P. Zhang, C. Qian, Y. H. Cui, X. Zhang and X. W. Bian: Tumor-associated microglia/macrophages enhance the invasion of glioma stem-like cells via TGF-beta1 signaling pathway. J Immunol, 189, 444-53 (2012) .+??=

  • [53]R. C. Lee, R. L. Feinbaum and V. Ambros: The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell, 75, 843-54 (1993) .+??=

  • [54]A. J. Gillis, M. A. Rijlaarsdam, R. Eini, L. C. Dorssers, K. Biermann, M. J. Murray, J. C. Nicholson, N. Coleman, K. P. Dieckmann, G. Belge, J. Bullerdiek, T. Xu, N. Bernard and L. H. Looijenga: Targeted serum miRNA (TSmiR) test for diagnosis and follow-up of (testicular) germ cell cancer patients: a proof of principle. Mol Oncol, 7, 1083-92 (2013) .+??=

  • [55]S. Arora, A. R. Ranade, N. L. Tran, S. Nasser, S. Sridhar, R. L. Korn, J. T. Ross, H. Dhruv, K. M. Foss, Z. Sibenaller, T. Ryken, M. B. Gotway, S. Kim and G. J. Weiss: MicroRNA-328 is associated with (non-small) cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastasis and mediates NSCLC migration. Int J Cancer, 129, 2621-31 (2011) .+??=

  • [56]L. T. Chen, S. D. Xu, H. Xu, J. F. Zhang, J. F. Ning and S. F. Wang: MicroRNA-378 is associated with non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis by promoting cell migration, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. Med Oncol, 29, 1673-80 (2012) .+??=

  • [57]M. Sachdeva and Y. Y. Mo: MicroRNA-145 suppresses cell invasion and metastasis by directly targeting mucin 1. Cancer Res, 70, 378-87 (2010) .+??=

  • [58]H. Okuda, F. Xing, P. R. Pandey, S. Sharma, M. Watabe, S. K. Pai, Y. Y. Mo, M. Iiizumi-Gairani, S. Hirota, Y. Liu, K. Wu, R. Pochampally and K. Watabe: miR-7 suppresses brain metastasis of breast cancer stem-like cells by modulating KLF4. Cancer Res, 73, 1434-44 (2013) .+??=

  • [59]F. Xing, S. Sharma, Y. Liu, Y. Y. Mo, K. Wu, Y. Y. Zhang, R. Pochampally, L. A. Martinez, H. W. Lo and K. Watabe: miR-509 suppresses brain metastasis of breast cancer cells by modulating RhoC and TNF-alpha. Oncogene (2015) .+??=

  • [60]N. B. Liabakk, I. Talbot, R. A. Smith, K. Wilkinson and F. Balkwill: Matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) type IV collagenases in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res, 56, 190-6 (1996)

  • [61]L. Yang, J. E. Froberg and J. T. Lee: Long noncoding RNAs: fresh perspectives into the RNA world. Trends Biochem Sci, 39, 35-43 (2014) .+??=

  • [62]G. D. Penny, G. F. Kay, S. A. Sheardown, S. Rastan and N. Brockdorff: Requirement for Xist in X chromosome inactivation. Nature, 379, 131-7 (1996) .+??=

  • [63]J. Feng, C. Bi, B. S. Clark, R. Mady, P. Shah and J. D. Kohtz: The Evf-2 noncoding RNA is transcribed from the Dlx-5/6 ultraconserved region and functions as a Dlx-2 transcriptional coactivator. Genes Dev, 20, 1470-84 (2006) .+??=

  • [64]P. Yakovchuk, J. A. Goodrich and J. F. Kugel: B2 RNA and Alu RNA repress transcription by disrupting contacts between RNA polymerase II and promoter DNA within assembled complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 5569-74 (2009) .+??=

  • [65]M. Beltran, I. Puig, C. Pena, J. M. Garcia, A. B. Alvarez, R. Pena, F. Bonilla and A. G. de Herreros: A natural antisense transcript regulates Zeb2/Sip1 gene expression during Snail1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Genes Dev, 22, 756-69 (2008) .+??=

  • [66]C. Carrieri, L. Cimatti, M. Biagioli, A. Beugnet, S. Zucchelli, S. Fedele, E. Pesce, I. Ferrer, L. Collavin, C. Santoro, A. R. Forrest, P. Carninci, S. Biffo, E. Stupka and S. Gustincich: Long non-coding antisense RNA controls Uchl1 translation through an embedded SINEB2 repeat. Nature, 491, 454-7 (2012) .+??=

  • [67]L. Shen, L. Chen, Y. Wang, X. Jiang, H. Xia and Z. Zhuang: Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 promotes brain metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. J Neurooncol, 121, 101-8 (2015) .+??=

  • [68]T. Nakagawa, H. Endo, M. Yokoyama, J. Abe, K. Tamai, N. Tanaka, I. Sato, S. Takahashi, T. Kondo and K. Satoh: Large noncoding RNA HOTAIR enhances aggressive biological behavior and is associated with short disease-free survival in human non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 436, 319-24 (2013) .+??=

  • [69]L. Camacho, P. Guerrero and D. Marchetti: MicroRNA and protein profiling of brain metastasis competent cell-derived exosomes. PLoS One, 8, e73790 (2013) .+??=

  • [70]V. Muralidharan-Chari, J. W. Clancy, A. Sedgwick and C. D’Souza-Schorey: Microvesicles: mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression. J Cell Sci, 123, 1603-11 (2010) .+??=

  • [71]M. Yang, J. Chen, F. Su, B. Yu, F. Su, L. Lin, Y. Liu, J. D. Huang and E. Song: Microvesicles secreted by macrophages shuttle invasion-potentiating microRNAs into breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer, 10, 117 (2011) .+??=

  • [72]S. Rana, K. Malinowska and M. Zoller: Exosomal tumor microRNA modulates premetastatic organ cells. Neoplasia, 15, 281-95 (2013) .+??=

  • [73]K. Takahashi, I. K. Yan, T. Kogure, H. Haga and T. PaTel: Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of long non-coding RNA ROR modulates chemosensitivity in human hepatocellular cancer. FEBS Open Bio, 4, 458-67 (2014) .+??=

  • [74]S. A. Melo, H. Sugimoto, J. T. O’Connell, N. Kato, A. Villanueva, A. Vidal, L. Qiu, E. Vitkin, L. T. Perelman, C. A. Melo, A. Lucci, C. Ivan, G. A. Calin and R. Kalluri: Cancer exosomes perform cell-independent microRNA biogenesis and promote tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell, 26, 707-21 (2014) .+??=

  • [75]J. C. Brase, M. Johannes, T. Schlomm, M. Falth, A. Haese, T. Steuber, T. Beissbarth, R. Kuner and H. Sultmann: Circulating miRNAs are correlated with tumor progression in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer, 128, 608-16 (2011) .+??=

  • [76]W. Chen, F. Cai, B. Zhang, Z. Barekati and X. Y. Zhong: The level of circulating miRNA-10b and miRNA-373 in detecting lymph node metastasis of breast cancer: potential biomarkers. Tumour Biol, 34, 455-62 (2013) .+??=

  • [77]L. G. Wang and J. Gu: Serum microRNA-29a is a promising novel marker for early detection of colorectal liver metastasis. Cancer Epidemiol, 36, e61-7 (2012) .+??=

  • [78]S. Kasar, E. Salerno, Y. Yuan, C. Underbayev, D. Vollenweider, M. F. Laurindo, H. Fernandes, D. Bonci, A. Addario, F. Mazzella and E. Raveche: Systemic in vivo lentiviral delivery of miR-15a/16 reduces malignancy in the NZB de novo mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genes Immun, 13, 109-19 (2012) .+??=

  • [79]P. Trang, J. F. Wiggins, C. L. Daige, C. Cho, M. Omotola, D. Brown, J. B. Weidhaas, A. G. Bader and F. J. Slack: Systemic delivery of tumor suppressor microRNA mimics using a neutral lipid emulsion inhibits lung tumors in mice. Mol Ther, 19, 1116-22 (2011) .+??=

  • [80]J. Kota, R. R. Chivukula, K. A. O’Donnell, E. A. Wentzel, C. L. Montgomery, H. W. Hwang, T. C. Chang, P. Vivekanandan, M. Torbenson, K. R. Clark, J. R. Mendell and J. T. Mendell: Therapeutic microRNA delivery suppresses tumorigenesis in a murine liver cancer model. Cell, 137, 1005-17 (2009) .+??=

  • [81]J. Krutzfeldt, N. Rajewsky, R. Braich, K. G. Rajeev, T. Tuschl, M. Manoharan and M. Stoffel: Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’. Nature, 438, 685-9 (2005) .+??=

  • [82]A. A. Koshkin, S. K. Singh, P. Nielsen, V. K. Rajwanshi, R. Kumar, M. Meldgaard, C. E. Olsen and J. Wengel: LNA (Locked Nucleic Acids): Synthesis of the adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methylcytosine, thymine and uracil bicyclonucleoside monomers, oligomerisation, and unprecedented nucleic acid recognition. Tetrahedron, 54, 3607-3630 (1998) .+??=

  • [83]C. Calabrese, H. Poppleton, M. Kocak, T. L. Hogg, C. Fuller, B. Hamner, E. Y. Oh, M. W. Gaber, D. Finklestein, M. Allen, A. Frank, I. T. Bayazitov, S. S. Zakharenko, A. Gajjar, A. Davidoff and R. J. Gilbertson: A perivascular niche for brain tumor stem cells. Cancer Cell, 11, 69-82 (2007) .+??=

  • [84]A. C. Bonoiu, S. D. Mahajan, H. Ding, I. Roy, K. T. Yong, R. Kumar, R. Hu, E. J. Bergey, S. A. Schwartz and P. N. Prasad: Nanotechnology approach for drug addiction therapy: gene silencing using delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex in dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 5546-50 (2009) .+??=

  • [85]J. R. Prensner and A. M. Chinnaiyan: The emergence of lncRNAs in cancer biology. Cancer Discov, 1, 391-407 (2011) .+??=

  • [86]T. Gutschner and S. Diederichs: The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol, 9, 703-19 (2012) .+??=

  • [87]Z. Du, T. Fei, R. G. Verhaak, Z. Su, Y. Zhang, M. Brown, Y. Chen and X. S. Liu: Integrative genomic analyses reveal clinically relevant long noncoding RNAs in human cancer. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 20, 908-13 (2013) .+??=

  • [88]C. Trapnell, L. Pachter and S. L. Salzberg: TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq. Bioinformatics, 25, 1105-11 (2009) .+??=

  • [89]C. Trapnell, D. G. Hendrickson, M. Sauvageau, L. Goff, J. L. Rinn and L. Pachter: Differential analysis of gene regulation at transcript resolution with RNA-seq. Nat Biotechnol, 31, 46-53 (2013) .+??=

  • [90]S. F. Altschul, W. Gish, W. Miller, E. W. Myers and D. J. Lipman: Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol, 215, 403-10 (1990) .+??=

  • [91]W. Gish and D. J. States: Identification of protein coding regions by database similarity search. Nat Genet, 3, 266-72 (1993) .+??=

  • [92]M. Bellucci, F. Agostini, M. Masin and G. G. Tartaglia: Predicting protein associations with long noncoding RNAs. Nat Methods, 8, 444-5 (2011) .+??=

  • [93]U. K. Muppirala, V. G. Honavar and D. Dobbs: Predicting RNA-protein interactions using only sequence information. BMC Bioinformatics, 12, 489 (2011) .+??=

  • [94]J. Shen, J. Zhang, X. Luo, W. Zhu, K. Yu, K. Chen, Y. Li and H. Jiang: Predicting protein-protein interactions based only on sequences information. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 4337-41 (2007) .+??=

  • [95]Y. Wang, X. Chen, Z. P. Liu, Q. Huang, Y. Wang, D. Xu, X. S. Zhang, R. Chen and L. Chen: De novo prediction of RNA-protein interactions from sequence information. Mol Biosyst, 9, 133-42 (2013) .+??=

  • [96]Q. Lu, S. Ren, M. Lu, Y. Zhang, D. Zhu, X. Zhang and T. Li: Computational prediction of associations between long non-coding RNAs and proteins. BMC Genomics, 14, 651 (2013) .+??=

  • [97]V. Suresh, L. Liu, D. Adjeroh and X. Zhou: RPI-Pred: predicting ncRNA-protein interaction using sequence and structural information. Nucleic Acids Res, 43, 1370-9 (2015) .+??=

  • [98]L. Liu, H. Wang, J. Wen, C. E. Tseng, Y. Zu, C. C. Chang and X. Zhou: Mutated genes and driver pathways involved in myelodysplastic syndromes-a transcriptome sequencing based approach. Mol Biosyst, 11, 2158-66 (2015) .+??=

  • [99]X. Chen, L. Liu, J. Mims, E. C. Punska, K. E. Williams, W. Zhao, K. F. Arcaro, A. W. Tsang, X. Zhou and C. M. Furdui: Analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression in radiation-resistant head and neck tumors. Epigenetics, 10, 545-61 (2015) .+??=

  • [100]L. Liu, G. Jin and X. Zhou: Modeling the relationship of epigenetic modifications to transcription factor binding. Nucleic Acids Res, 43, 3873-85 (2015) .+??=

  • [101]Y. Li, Y. Zhang, S. Li, J. Lu, J. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Li, J. Xu and X. Li: Genome-wide DNA methylome analysis reveals epigenetically dysregulated non-coding RNAs in human breast cancer. Sci Rep, 5, 8790 (2015) .+??=

  • [102]T. I. Zack, S. E. Schumacher, S. L. Carter, A. D. Cherniack, G. Saksena, B. Tabak, M. S. Lawrence, C. Z. Zhsng, J. Wala, C. H. Mermel, C. Sougnez, S. B. Gabriel, B. Hernandez, H. Shen, P. W. Laird, G. Getz, M. Meyerson and R. Beroukhim: Pan-cancer patterns of somatic copy number alteration. Nat Genet, 45, 1134-40 (2013) .+??=

  • [103]N. M. White, C. R. Cabanski, J. M. Silva-Fisher, H. X. Dang, R. Govindan and C. A. Maher: Transcriptome sequencing reveals altered long intergenic non-coding RNAs in lung cancer. Genome Biol, 15, 429 (2014) .+??=

  • [104]T. Kogure, W. L. Lin, I. K. Yan, C. Braconi and T. PaTel: Intercellular nanovesicle-mediated microRNA transfer: a mechanism of environmental modulation of hepatocellular cancer cell growth. Hepatology, 54, 1237-48 (2011) .+??=

  • [105]H. Valadi, K. Ekstrom, A. Bossios, M. Sjostrand, J. J. Lee and J. O. Lotvall: Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol, 9, 654-9 (2007) .+??=

  • [106]C. Zhao, Y. Xu, Y. Zhang, W. Tan, J. Xue, Z. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Lu and X. Hu: Downregulation of miR-145 contributes to lung adenocarcinoma cell growth to form brain metastases. Oncol Rep, 30, 2027-34 (2013)

  • [107]S. J. Hwang, H. J. Seol, Y. M. Park, K. H. Kim, M. Gorospe, D. H. Nam and H. H. Kim: MicroRNA-146a suppresses metastatic activity in brain metastasis. Mol Cells, 34, 329-34 (2012) .+??=

  • [108]J. Heinzelmann, A. Unrein, U. Wickmann, S. Baumgart, M. Stapf, A. Szendroi, M. O. Grimm, M. R. Gajda, H. Wunderlich and K. Junker: MicroRNAs with prognostic potential for metastasis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a comparison of primary tumors and distant metastases. Ann Surg Oncol, 21, 1046-54 (2014) .+??=

  • [109]L. Zhang, P. S. Sullivan, J. C. Goodman, P. H. Gunaratne and D. Marchetti: MicroRNA-1258 suppresses breast cancer brain metastasis by targeting heparanase. Cancer Res, 71, 645-54 (2011) .+??=

  • [110]Z. Li, X. Gu, Y. Fang, J. Xiang and Z. Chen: microRNA expression profiles in human colorectal cancers with brain metastases. Oncol Lett, 3, 346-350 (2012)

Article Metrics

  • Information

  • Download

  • Contents

Frontiers in Bioscience-Scholar (FBS) is published by IMR Press from Volume 13 Issue 1 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.

1 Jan 2016Review

Non-coding RNAs in cancer brain metastasis

Kerui Wu 1, Sambad Sharma 1, Suresh Venkat 2, Keqin Liu 2, Xiaobo Zhou 2, Kounosuke Watabe 1,*
Affiliations
Article Info

1 Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA

2 Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

 

Abstract

More than 90% of cancer death is attributed to metastatic disease, and the brain is one of the major metastatic sites of melanoma, colon, renal, lung and breast cancers. Despite the recent advancement of targeted therapy for cancer, the incidence of brain metastasis is increasing. One reason is that most therapeutic drugs can’t penetrate blood-brain-barrier and tumor cells find the brain as sanctuary site. In this review, we describe the pathophysiology of brain metastases to introduce the latest understandings of metastatic brain malignancies. This review also particularly focuses on non-coding RNAs and their roles in cancer brain metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of the extracellular vesicles as they are known to transport information between cells to initiate cancer cell-microenvironment communication. The potential clinical translation of non-coding RNAs as a tool for diagnosis and for treatment is also discussed in this review. At the end, the computational aspects of non-coding RNA detection, the sequence and structure calculation and epigenetic regulation of non-coding RNA in brain metastasis are discussed.

Keywords

  • non-coding RNA
  • Brain Metastasis
  • Microenvironment
  • Extracellular Vesicle
  • Clinical Translation
  • Bioinformatics
  • Review

References