Information
References
Contents
Download
[1]KR Groschwitz, SP Hogan: Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124, 3-20 (2009)
[2]AT Blikslager, AJ Moeser, JL Gookin, SL Jones, J Odle: Restoration of barrier function in injured intestinal mucosa. Physiol Rev 87, 545-564 (2007)
[3]DW Mercer, GS Smith, JM Cross, DH Russell, L Chang, J Cacioppo: Effects of lipopolysaccharide on intestinal injury: potential role of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation. J Surg Res 63, 185–192 (1996)
[4]M Collado-Romero, C Arce, M Ramirez-Boo, A Carvajal, JJ Garrido: Quantitative analysis of the immune response upon Salmonella typhimurium infection along the porcine intestinal gut. Vet Res 41, 23 (2010)
[5]YQ Hou, L Wang, BY Ding, Y Liu, H Zhu, J Liu, Y Li, X Wu, Y Yin, G Wu: Dietary α-ketoglutarate supplementation ameliorates intestinal injury in lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets. Amino Acids 39, 555-564 (2010)
[6]HK Parmentier, G de Vries Reiligh, P Freke, PR Koopmanschap, A Lammers: Immunological and physiological differences between layer- and broiler chickens after concurrent intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide and human serum albumin. Int J Poult Sci 9, 574-583 (2010)
[7]XF Hu, YM Guo, JH Li, G Yan, S Bun, B Huang: Effects of an early lipopolysaccharide challenge on growth and small intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens. Can J Anim Sci 91, 379-384 (2011)
[8]DG Peterson, AG Scrimgeour, JP McClung, EA Koutsos: Moderate zinc restriction affects intestinal health and immune function in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice. J Nutr Biochem 19, 193-199 (2008)
[9]JM Williams, CA Duckworth, AJ Watson, MR Frey, JC Miguel, MD Burkitt, R Sutton, KR Hughes, LJ Hall, JH Caamaño, BJ Campbell, DM Pritchard: A mouse model of pathological small intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide. Dis Model Mech 6, 1388-1399 (2013)
[10]Y Liu, J Huang, Y Hou, H Zhu, S Zhao, B Ding, Y Yin, G Yi, J Shi, W Fan: Dietary arginine supplementation alleviates intestinal mucosal disruption induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in weaned pigs. Br J Nutr 100, 552–560 (2008)
[11]RS Pitman, RS Blumberg: First line of defense: the role of the intestinal epithelium as an active component of the mucosal immune system. J Gastroenterol 35, 805-814 (2000)
[12]Zhan Z, Ou D, Piao X, Kim SW, Liu Y, Wang J: Dietary arginine supplementation affects microvascular development in the small intestine of early-weaned pigs. J Nutr 138, 1304-1309 (2008)
[13]Y Hou, K Yao, L Wang, B Ding, D Fu, Y Liu, H Zhu, J Liu, Y Li, P Kang, Y Yin, G Wu: Effects of α-ketoglutarate on energy status in the intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets chronically challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Br J Nutr 106, 357-363 (2011)
[14]Y Hou, L Wang, D Yi, B Ding, Z Yang, J Li, X Chen, Y Qiu, G Wu: N-acetylcyseine reduces inflammation in the small intestine by regulating redox, EGF and TLR4 signaling. Amino Acids 45, 513-522 (2013)
[15]HL Zhu, YL Liu, XL Xie, JJ Huang, YQ Hou: Effect of L-arginine on intestinal mucosal immune barrier function in weaned pigs after Escherichia coli LPS challenge. Innate Immunity 19, 242-252 (2013)
[16]D Yi, Y Hou, L Wang, W Ouyang, M Long, D Zhao, B Ding, Y Liu, G Wu: L-Glutamine enhances enterocyte growth via activation of the mTOR signaling pathway independently of AMPK. Amino Acids 47, 65-78 (2015)
[17]L Wang, Y Hou, D Yi, B Ding, D Zhao, Z Wang, H Zhu, Y Liu, J Gong, H Assaad, G Wu: Beneficial roles of dietary oleum cinnamomi in alleviating intestinal injury. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 20, 814-828 (2015)
[18]M Pierzchala, CS Pareek, P Urbański, D Goluch, M Kamyczek, M Różycki, R Smoczynski, JO Horbańczuk, J Kurył: Study of the differential transcription in liver of growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) genes at different postnatal developmental ages in pig breeds. Mol Biol Rep 39, 3055-3066 (2011)
[19]BJ Johnson, ME White, MR Hathaway, WR Dayton: Decreased steady-state insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) mRNA level is associated with differentiation of cultured porcine myogenic cells. J Cell Physiol 179, 237-243 (1999)
[20]R Manjarín, JP Steibel, RN Kirkwood, NP Taylor, NL Trottier: Transcript abundance of hormone receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin pathway-related kinases, insulin-like growth factor I, and milk proteins in porcine mammary tissue. J Anim Sci 90, 221-230 (2011)
[21]T Hirase, JM Staddon, M Saitou, Y Ando-Akatsuka, M Itoh, M Furuse, K Fujimoto, S Tsukita, LL Rubin: Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 110, 1603-1613 (1997)
[22]A Hamard, D Mazurais, G Boudry, I Le Huërou-Luron, B Sève, N Le Floc’h: A moderate threonine deficiency affects gene expression profile, paracellular permeability and glucose absorption capacity in the ileum of piglets. J Nutr Biochem 21, 914-921 (2010)
[23]F Meurens, M Berri, G Auray, S Melo, B Levast, I Virlogeux-Payant, C Chevaleyre, V Gerdts, H Salmon: Early immune response following Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in porcine jejunal gut loops. Vet Res 40, 5 (2009)
[24]H Li, S Ganta, P Fong: Altered ion transport by thyroid epithelia from CFTR−/− pigs suggests mechanisms for hypothyroidism in Cystic Fibrosis. Exp Physiol 95, 1132-1144 (2010)
[25]M Loos, M Geens, S Schauvliege, F Gasthuys, J van der Meulen, JD Dubreuil, BM Goddeeris, T Niewold, E Cox: Role of heat-stable enterotoxins in the induction of early immune responses in piglets after Infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 7, e41041 (2012)
[26]NK Gabler, JD Spencer, DM Webel, ME Spurlock:n-3 PUFA attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced down-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 expression in porcine adipose tissue but does not alter the expression of other immune modulators. J Nutr Biochem 19, 8-15 (2008)
[27]TE Weber, SL Trabue, CJ Ziemer, BJ Kerr: Evaluation of elevated dietary corn fiber from corn germ meal in growing female pigs. J Anim Sci 88, 192-201 (2010)
[28]M Damon, I Louveau, L Lefaucheur, B Lebret, A Vincent, P Leroy, MP Sanchez, P Herpin, F Gondret: Number of intramuscular adipocytes and fatty acid binding protein-4 content are significant indicators of intramuscular fat level in crossbred Large White × Duroc pigs. J Anim Sci 84, 1083-1092 (2006)
[29]A Nygard, CB Jørgensen, S Cirera, M Fredholm: Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in pig tissues using SYBR green qPCR. BMC Mol Biol 8, 67 (2007)
[30]JW Wei, RJ Carroll, KK Harden, G Wu: Comparisons of treatment means when factors do not interact in two-factorial studies. Amino Acids 42, 2031-2035 (2012)
[31]WJ Fu, AJ Stromberg, K Viele, RJ Carrol, G Wu: Statistics and bioinformatics in nutritional sciences: analysis of complex data in the era of systems biology. J Nutr Biochem 21, 561-572 (2010)
[32]Y Hou, L Wang, W Zhang, Z Yang, B Ding, H Zhu, Y Liu, Y Qiu, Y Yin, G Wu: Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on intestinal functions of piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Amino Acids 43, 1233-1242 (2012)
[33]M Marini, G Bamias, J Rivera-Nieves, CA Moskaluk, SB Hoang, WG Ross, TT Pizarro, F Cominelli: TNF-alpha neutralization ameliorates the severity of murine Crohn’s -like ileitis by abrogation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100, 8366-8371 (2003)
[34]E Stüber, A Büschenfeld, A von Freier, T Arendt, UR Fölsch: Intestinal crypt cell apoptosis in murine acute graft versus host disease is mediated by tumour necrosis factor alpha and not by the FasL-Fas interaction: effect of pentoxifylline on the development of mucosal atrophy. Gut 45, 229-235 (1999)
[35]UC Klostermeier, M Barann, M Wittig, R Häsler, A Franke, O Gavrilova, B Kreck, C Sina, MB Schilhabel, S Schreiber, P Rosenstiel: A tissue-specific landscape of sense/antisense transcription in the mouse intestine. BMC Genomics 12, 305 (2011)
[36]N Mach, M Berri, D Esquerré, C Chevaleyre, G Lemonnier, Y Billon, P Lepage, IP Oswald, J Doré, C Rogel-Gaillard, J Estellé: Extensive expression differences along porcine small intestine evidenced by transcriptome sequencing. PLoS One 9, e88515 (2014)
[37]SR Chowdhury, DE King, BP Willing, MR Band, JE Beever, AB Lane, JJ Loor, JC Marini, LA Rund, LB Schook, AG Van Kessel, HR Gaskins: Transcriptome profiling of the small intestinal epithelium in germfree versus conventional piglets. BMC Genomics 8, 215 (2007)
[38]ABR Thomson, M Keelan, A Thiesen, MT Clandinin, M Ropeleski, GE Wild: Small bowel review diseases of the small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 46, 2555-2566 (2001)
[39]DD Sarbassov, SM Ali, DM Sabatini: Growing roles for the mTOR pathway. Curr Opin Cell Bio 17, 596-603 (2005)
[40]RR Nair, BB Warner, BW Warner: Role of epidermal growth factor and other growth factors in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 32, 107-113 (2008)
[41]F Boudreau, CR Lussier, S Mongrain, M Darsigny, JL Drouin, G Doyon, ER Suh, JF Beaulieu, N Rivard, N Perreault: Loss of cathepsin L activity promotes claudin-1 overexpression and intestinal neoplasia. FASEB J 21, 3853-3865 (2007)
[42]S Tsukita, M Furuse: The structure and function of claudins, cell adhesion molecules at tight junctions. Ann NY Acad Sci 915, 129-135 (2000)
[43]KL Howe, C Reardon, A Wang, A Nazli, DM McKay: Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of epithelial tight junction proteins enhances barrier function and blocks enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli O157:h7-induced increased permeability. Am J Pathol 167, 1587-1597 (2005)
[44]P Sheth, N Delos Santos, A Seth, NF LaRusso, RK Rao: Lipopolysaccharide disrupts tight junctions in cholangiocyte monolayers by a c-Src-, TLR4-, and LBP-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293, G308-G318 (2007)
[45]Y Zolotarevsky, G Hecht, A Koutsouris, DE Gonzalez, C Quan, J Tom, RJ Mrsny, JR Turner: A membrane-permeant peptide that inhibits MLC kinase restores barrier function in in vitro models of intestinal disease. Gastroenterol 123, 163-172 (2002)
[46]T Yamamoto, H Kuramoto, M Kadowaki: Downregulation in aquaporin 4 and aquaporin 8 expression of the colon associated with the induction of allergic diarrhea in a mouse model of food allergy. Life Sci 81, 115-120 (2007)
[47]GL Lehmann, FI Carreras, LR Soria, SA Gradilone, RA Marinelli: LPS induces the TNF-alpha-mediated downregulation of rat liver aquaporin-8: role in sepsis-associated cholestasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294, G567-G575 (2008)
[48]EJA Veldhuizen, I Koomen, T Ultee: Salmonella serovar specific upregulation of porcine defensins 1 and 2 in a jejuna epithelial cell line. Vet Microbial 136, 69-75 (2009)
[49]EJ Veldhuizen, A van Dijk, MH Tersteeg, SI Kalkhove, J van der Meulen, TA Niewold, HP Haagsman: Expression of beta-defensins pBD-1 and pBD-2 along the small intestinal tract of the pig: lack of upregulation in vivo upon Salmonella typhimurium infection. Mol Immunol 44, 276-283 (2007)
[50]TA Niewold, EJ Veldhuizen, J van der Meulen, HP Haagsman, AA de Wit, MA Smits, MH Tersteeg, MM Hulst: The early transcriptional response of pig small intestinal mucosa to invasion by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104. Mol Immunol 44, 1316-1322 (2007)
[51]V Moucadel, P Soubeyran, S Vasseur, NJ Dusetti, JC Dagorn, JL Iovanna: Cdx1 promotes cellular growth of epithelial cells through induction of the secretory protein PAP I. Eur J Cell Biol 80, 156-163 (2001)
[52]D Lackeyram, C Yang, T Archbold, KC Swanson, MZ Fan: Early weaning reduces small intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression in pigs. J Nutr 140, 461-468 (2010)
[53]SD Hu, XL Li, R Rezaei, CJ Meininger, CJ McNeal, G Wu: Safety of long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine in pigs. Amino Acids 47, 925-936 (2015)
[54]Y Yang, ZL Wu, SC Jia, S Dahanayaka, S Feng, CJ Meininger, CJ McNeal, G Wu: Safety of long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine in rats. Amino Acids, (2015)
[55]K Yao, TJ Li, RL Huang, G Wu, Z Ruan, YL Yin: Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances intestinal development and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in weanling piglets. Br J Nutr 105, 703-709 (2011)
[56]X Wu, Z Ruan, YL Gao, YL Yin, XH Zhou, L Wang, MM Geng, YQ Hou, G Wu: Dietary supplementation with L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate enhances intestinal growth and heat shock protein-70 expression in weanling pigs fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet. Amino Acids 39, 831-839 (2010)
[57]RF Margolskee, J Dyer, Z Kokrashvili, KS Salmon, E Ilegems, K Daly, EL Maillet, Y Ninomiya, B Mosinger, SP Shirazi-Beechey: T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulateexpression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104, 15075-15080 (2007)
[58]O Gal-Garber, SJ Mabjeesh, D Sklan, Z Uni: Nutrient transport in the small intestine: Na+, K+-ATPase expression and activity in the small intestine of the chicken as influenced by dietary sodium. Poult Sci 82, 1127-1133 (2003)
[59]M Wilke, A Bot, H Jorna, BJ Scholte, HR de Jonge: Rescue of murine F508del CFTR activity in native intestine by low temperature and proteasome inhibitors. PLoS ONE 7, e52070 (2012)
[60]N Derichs: Targeting a genetic defect: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 22, 58-65 (2013)
[61]S Kanno, S Emil, M Kosi, H Monforte-Munoz, J Atkinson: Small intestinal absorption during endotoxemia in swine. Am Surg 62, 793-799 (1996)
[62]JJ Cullen, RC Doty, KS Ephgrave, MM Hinkhouse, K Broadhurst: Changes in intestinal transit and absorption during endotoxemia are dose dependent. J Surg Res 81, 81-86 (1999)
[63]B Abad, JE Mesonero, MT Salvador, J Garcia Herrera, MJ Rodríguez-Yoldi: The administration of lipopolysaccharide, in vivo, induces alteration in L-leucine intestinal absorption. Life Sci 70, 615-628 (2001)
[64]DG Hardie: Minireview: the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade: the key sensor of cellular energy status. Endocrinology 144, 5179-5183 (2003)
[65]Z Wu, P Puigserver, U Andersson, C Zhang, G Adelmant, V Mootha, A Troy, S Cinti, B Lowell, RC Scarpulla, BM Spiegelman: Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell 98, 115-124 (1999)
[66]NJ Feige, M Lagouge, C Canto, A Strehle, SM Houten, JC Milne, PD Lambert, C Mataki, PJ Elliott, J Auwerx: Specific SIRT1 activation mimics low energy levels and protects against diet-induced metabolic disorders by enhancing Fat oxidation. Cell Metab 8, 347-358 (2008)
[67]Z Shen, JM Ajmo, CQ Rogers, X Liang, L Le, MM Murr, Y Peng, M You: Role of SIRT1 in regulation of LPS- or two ethanol metabolites-induced TNF-α production in cultured macrophage cell lines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296, G1047-1053 (2009)
[68]J Nedergaard, D Ricquier, LP Kozak: Uncoupling proteins: Uncoupling proteins: current status and therapeutic prospects. EMBO reports 6, 917-921 (2005)
[69]P Groening, Z Huang, EF La Gamma, RJ Levy: Glutamine restores myocardial cytochrome c oxidase activity and improves cardiac function during experimental sepsis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35, 249-254 (2011)
[70]T Kizaki, K Suzuki, Y Hitomi, N Taniguchi, D Saitoh, K Watanabe, K Onoé, NK Day, RA Good, H Ohno: Uncoupling protein 2 plays an important role in nitric oxide production of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99, 9392-9397 (2002)
[71]YH Kang, T McKenna, LP Watson, R Williams, M Holt: Cytochemical changes in hepatocytes of rats with endotoxemia or sepsis: localization of fibronectin, calcium, and enzymes. J Histochem Cytochem 36, 665-678 (1988)
[72]H Kitamura, M Ito, T Yuasa, C Kikuguchi, A Hijikata, M Takayama, Y Kimura, R Yokoyama, T Kaji, O Ohara: Genome-wide identification and characterization of transcripts translationally regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in macrophage-like J774.1. cells. Physiol Genomics 33, 121-132 (2008)
[73]X Ke, J Chen, X Zhang, W Fang, C Yang, J Peng, Y Chen, TJ Sferra: Qing Hua Chang Yin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human intestinal cells by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Exp Ther Med 6, 189-193 (2013)
[74]YC Lu, WC Yeh, PS Ohashi: LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway. Cytokine 42, 145-151 (2008)
[75]TE Haynes, P Li, XL Li, K Shimotori, H Sato, NE Flynn, JJ Wang, D Knabe, G Wu: L-Glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine prevents oxidant- or endotoxin-induced death of neonatal enterocytes. Amino Acids 37, 131-142 (2009)
[76]KC Malcolm, GS Worthen: Lipopolysaccharide stimulates p38-dependent induction of antiviral genes in neutrophils independently of paracrine factors. J Biol Chem 278, 15693-15701 (2003)
[77]A Takaoka, H Yanai: Interferon signalling network in innate defence. Cell Microbiol 8, 907-922 (2006)
[78]A García-Sastre, CA Biron: Type 1 interferons and the virus-host relationship: A lesson in Détente. Science 312, 879 (2006)
[79]S Gessani, F Belardeli, A Pecorelli, C Baglioni: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and gamma interferon induce transcription of beta interferon mRNA and interferon secretion in murine macrophages. J Virol 63, 2785-2789 (1989)
[80]S Doyle, S Vaidya, R O’Connell, H Dadgostar, P Dempsey, T Wu, G Rao, R Sun, M Haberland, R Modlin, G Cheng: IRF3 mediates a TLR3/TLR4-specific antiviral gene program. Immunity 17, 251-263 (2002)
Article Metrics
Download
- Contents
Information
Download
Contents
Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
Gene expression profiles in the intestine of lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets
1 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
2 Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Abstract
Bowel diseases are common in human and animals and are characterized by intestinal dysfunction and injury. A well-established porcine model of intestinal injury can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin released from the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria. LPS affects the expression of genes associated with intestinal immune response, mucosal growth, energy metabolism, absorption, mucosal barrier function, and antiviral function. Transcriptional analysis of intestinal genes reveals that the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon respond to LPS challenge in a similar pattern. Moreover, the jejunum and ileum exhibit greater responses to LPS challenge than the duodenum and colon with regard to gene expression. Additionally, over 85% of genes are co-expressed along the small and large intestines and there is a clear distinction in gene expression patterns amongst the different intestinal segments in pigs. These findings have important implications for underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for endotoxin-induced intestinal injury and dysfunction.
Keywords
- Intestinal function
- Gene expression
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Pig
- Review
References
- [1] KR Groschwitz, SP Hogan: Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124, 3-20 (2009)
- [2] AT Blikslager, AJ Moeser, JL Gookin, SL Jones, J Odle: Restoration of barrier function in injured intestinal mucosa. Physiol Rev 87, 545-564 (2007)
- [3] DW Mercer, GS Smith, JM Cross, DH Russell, L Chang, J Cacioppo: Effects of lipopolysaccharide on intestinal injury: potential role of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation. J Surg Res 63, 185–192 (1996)
- [4] M Collado-Romero, C Arce, M Ramirez-Boo, A Carvajal, JJ Garrido: Quantitative analysis of the immune response upon Salmonella typhimurium infection along the porcine intestinal gut. Vet Res 41, 23 (2010)
- [5] YQ Hou, L Wang, BY Ding, Y Liu, H Zhu, J Liu, Y Li, X Wu, Y Yin, G Wu: Dietary α-ketoglutarate supplementation ameliorates intestinal injury in lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets. Amino Acids 39, 555-564 (2010)
- [6] HK Parmentier, G de Vries Reiligh, P Freke, PR Koopmanschap, A Lammers: Immunological and physiological differences between layer- and broiler chickens after concurrent intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide and human serum albumin. Int J Poult Sci 9, 574-583 (2010)
- [7] XF Hu, YM Guo, JH Li, G Yan, S Bun, B Huang: Effects of an early lipopolysaccharide challenge on growth and small intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens. Can J Anim Sci 91, 379-384 (2011)
- [8] DG Peterson, AG Scrimgeour, JP McClung, EA Koutsos: Moderate zinc restriction affects intestinal health and immune function in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice. J Nutr Biochem 19, 193-199 (2008)
- [9] JM Williams, CA Duckworth, AJ Watson, MR Frey, JC Miguel, MD Burkitt, R Sutton, KR Hughes, LJ Hall, JH Caamaño, BJ Campbell, DM Pritchard: A mouse model of pathological small intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide. Dis Model Mech 6, 1388-1399 (2013)
- [10] Y Liu, J Huang, Y Hou, H Zhu, S Zhao, B Ding, Y Yin, G Yi, J Shi, W Fan: Dietary arginine supplementation alleviates intestinal mucosal disruption induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in weaned pigs. Br J Nutr 100, 552–560 (2008)
- [11] RS Pitman, RS Blumberg: First line of defense: the role of the intestinal epithelium as an active component of the mucosal immune system. J Gastroenterol 35, 805-814 (2000)
- [12] Zhan Z, Ou D, Piao X, Kim SW, Liu Y, Wang J: Dietary arginine supplementation affects microvascular development in the small intestine of early-weaned pigs. J Nutr 138, 1304-1309 (2008)
- [13] Y Hou, K Yao, L Wang, B Ding, D Fu, Y Liu, H Zhu, J Liu, Y Li, P Kang, Y Yin, G Wu: Effects of α-ketoglutarate on energy status in the intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets chronically challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Br J Nutr 106, 357-363 (2011)
- [14] Y Hou, L Wang, D Yi, B Ding, Z Yang, J Li, X Chen, Y Qiu, G Wu: N-acetylcyseine reduces inflammation in the small intestine by regulating redox, EGF and TLR4 signaling. Amino Acids 45, 513-522 (2013)
- [15] HL Zhu, YL Liu, XL Xie, JJ Huang, YQ Hou: Effect of L-arginine on intestinal mucosal immune barrier function in weaned pigs after Escherichia coli LPS challenge. Innate Immunity 19, 242-252 (2013)
- [16] D Yi, Y Hou, L Wang, W Ouyang, M Long, D Zhao, B Ding, Y Liu, G Wu: L-Glutamine enhances enterocyte growth via activation of the mTOR signaling pathway independently of AMPK. Amino Acids 47, 65-78 (2015)
- [17] L Wang, Y Hou, D Yi, B Ding, D Zhao, Z Wang, H Zhu, Y Liu, J Gong, H Assaad, G Wu: Beneficial roles of dietary oleum cinnamomi in alleviating intestinal injury. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 20, 814-828 (2015)
- [18] M Pierzchala, CS Pareek, P Urbański, D Goluch, M Kamyczek, M Różycki, R Smoczynski, JO Horbańczuk, J Kurył: Study of the differential transcription in liver of growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) genes at different postnatal developmental ages in pig breeds. Mol Biol Rep 39, 3055-3066 (2011)
- [19] BJ Johnson, ME White, MR Hathaway, WR Dayton: Decreased steady-state insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) mRNA level is associated with differentiation of cultured porcine myogenic cells. J Cell Physiol 179, 237-243 (1999)
- [20] R Manjarín, JP Steibel, RN Kirkwood, NP Taylor, NL Trottier: Transcript abundance of hormone receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin pathway-related kinases, insulin-like growth factor I, and milk proteins in porcine mammary tissue. J Anim Sci 90, 221-230 (2011)
- [21] T Hirase, JM Staddon, M Saitou, Y Ando-Akatsuka, M Itoh, M Furuse, K Fujimoto, S Tsukita, LL Rubin: Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 110, 1603-1613 (1997)
- [22] A Hamard, D Mazurais, G Boudry, I Le Huërou-Luron, B Sève, N Le Floc’h: A moderate threonine deficiency affects gene expression profile, paracellular permeability and glucose absorption capacity in the ileum of piglets. J Nutr Biochem 21, 914-921 (2010)
- [23] F Meurens, M Berri, G Auray, S Melo, B Levast, I Virlogeux-Payant, C Chevaleyre, V Gerdts, H Salmon: Early immune response following Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in porcine jejunal gut loops. Vet Res 40, 5 (2009)
- [24] H Li, S Ganta, P Fong: Altered ion transport by thyroid epithelia from CFTR−/− pigs suggests mechanisms for hypothyroidism in Cystic Fibrosis. Exp Physiol 95, 1132-1144 (2010)
- [25] M Loos, M Geens, S Schauvliege, F Gasthuys, J van der Meulen, JD Dubreuil, BM Goddeeris, T Niewold, E Cox: Role of heat-stable enterotoxins in the induction of early immune responses in piglets after Infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 7, e41041 (2012)
- [26] NK Gabler, JD Spencer, DM Webel, ME Spurlock:n-3 PUFA attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced down-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 expression in porcine adipose tissue but does not alter the expression of other immune modulators. J Nutr Biochem 19, 8-15 (2008)
- [27] TE Weber, SL Trabue, CJ Ziemer, BJ Kerr: Evaluation of elevated dietary corn fiber from corn germ meal in growing female pigs. J Anim Sci 88, 192-201 (2010)
- [28] M Damon, I Louveau, L Lefaucheur, B Lebret, A Vincent, P Leroy, MP Sanchez, P Herpin, F Gondret: Number of intramuscular adipocytes and fatty acid binding protein-4 content are significant indicators of intramuscular fat level in crossbred Large White × Duroc pigs. J Anim Sci 84, 1083-1092 (2006)
- [29] A Nygard, CB Jørgensen, S Cirera, M Fredholm: Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in pig tissues using SYBR green qPCR. BMC Mol Biol 8, 67 (2007)
- [30] JW Wei, RJ Carroll, KK Harden, G Wu: Comparisons of treatment means when factors do not interact in two-factorial studies. Amino Acids 42, 2031-2035 (2012)
- [31] WJ Fu, AJ Stromberg, K Viele, RJ Carrol, G Wu: Statistics and bioinformatics in nutritional sciences: analysis of complex data in the era of systems biology. J Nutr Biochem 21, 561-572 (2010)
- [32] Y Hou, L Wang, W Zhang, Z Yang, B Ding, H Zhu, Y Liu, Y Qiu, Y Yin, G Wu: Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on intestinal functions of piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Amino Acids 43, 1233-1242 (2012)
- [33] M Marini, G Bamias, J Rivera-Nieves, CA Moskaluk, SB Hoang, WG Ross, TT Pizarro, F Cominelli: TNF-alpha neutralization ameliorates the severity of murine Crohn’s -like ileitis by abrogation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100, 8366-8371 (2003)
- [34] E Stüber, A Büschenfeld, A von Freier, T Arendt, UR Fölsch: Intestinal crypt cell apoptosis in murine acute graft versus host disease is mediated by tumour necrosis factor alpha and not by the FasL-Fas interaction: effect of pentoxifylline on the development of mucosal atrophy. Gut 45, 229-235 (1999)
- [35] UC Klostermeier, M Barann, M Wittig, R Häsler, A Franke, O Gavrilova, B Kreck, C Sina, MB Schilhabel, S Schreiber, P Rosenstiel: A tissue-specific landscape of sense/antisense transcription in the mouse intestine. BMC Genomics 12, 305 (2011)
- [36] N Mach, M Berri, D Esquerré, C Chevaleyre, G Lemonnier, Y Billon, P Lepage, IP Oswald, J Doré, C Rogel-Gaillard, J Estellé: Extensive expression differences along porcine small intestine evidenced by transcriptome sequencing. PLoS One 9, e88515 (2014)
- [37] SR Chowdhury, DE King, BP Willing, MR Band, JE Beever, AB Lane, JJ Loor, JC Marini, LA Rund, LB Schook, AG Van Kessel, HR Gaskins: Transcriptome profiling of the small intestinal epithelium in germfree versus conventional piglets. BMC Genomics 8, 215 (2007)
- [38] ABR Thomson, M Keelan, A Thiesen, MT Clandinin, M Ropeleski, GE Wild: Small bowel review diseases of the small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 46, 2555-2566 (2001)
- [39] DD Sarbassov, SM Ali, DM Sabatini: Growing roles for the mTOR pathway. Curr Opin Cell Bio 17, 596-603 (2005)
- [40] RR Nair, BB Warner, BW Warner: Role of epidermal growth factor and other growth factors in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 32, 107-113 (2008)
- [41] F Boudreau, CR Lussier, S Mongrain, M Darsigny, JL Drouin, G Doyon, ER Suh, JF Beaulieu, N Rivard, N Perreault: Loss of cathepsin L activity promotes claudin-1 overexpression and intestinal neoplasia. FASEB J 21, 3853-3865 (2007)
- [42] S Tsukita, M Furuse: The structure and function of claudins, cell adhesion molecules at tight junctions. Ann NY Acad Sci 915, 129-135 (2000)
- [43] KL Howe, C Reardon, A Wang, A Nazli, DM McKay: Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of epithelial tight junction proteins enhances barrier function and blocks enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli O157:h7-induced increased permeability. Am J Pathol 167, 1587-1597 (2005)
- [44] P Sheth, N Delos Santos, A Seth, NF LaRusso, RK Rao: Lipopolysaccharide disrupts tight junctions in cholangiocyte monolayers by a c-Src-, TLR4-, and LBP-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293, G308-G318 (2007)
- [45] Y Zolotarevsky, G Hecht, A Koutsouris, DE Gonzalez, C Quan, J Tom, RJ Mrsny, JR Turner: A membrane-permeant peptide that inhibits MLC kinase restores barrier function in in vitro models of intestinal disease. Gastroenterol 123, 163-172 (2002)
- [46] T Yamamoto, H Kuramoto, M Kadowaki: Downregulation in aquaporin 4 and aquaporin 8 expression of the colon associated with the induction of allergic diarrhea in a mouse model of food allergy. Life Sci 81, 115-120 (2007)
- [47] GL Lehmann, FI Carreras, LR Soria, SA Gradilone, RA Marinelli: LPS induces the TNF-alpha-mediated downregulation of rat liver aquaporin-8: role in sepsis-associated cholestasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294, G567-G575 (2008)
- [48] EJA Veldhuizen, I Koomen, T Ultee: Salmonella serovar specific upregulation of porcine defensins 1 and 2 in a jejuna epithelial cell line. Vet Microbial 136, 69-75 (2009)
- [49] EJ Veldhuizen, A van Dijk, MH Tersteeg, SI Kalkhove, J van der Meulen, TA Niewold, HP Haagsman: Expression of beta-defensins pBD-1 and pBD-2 along the small intestinal tract of the pig: lack of upregulation in vivo upon Salmonella typhimurium infection. Mol Immunol 44, 276-283 (2007)
- [50] TA Niewold, EJ Veldhuizen, J van der Meulen, HP Haagsman, AA de Wit, MA Smits, MH Tersteeg, MM Hulst: The early transcriptional response of pig small intestinal mucosa to invasion by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104. Mol Immunol 44, 1316-1322 (2007)
- [51] V Moucadel, P Soubeyran, S Vasseur, NJ Dusetti, JC Dagorn, JL Iovanna: Cdx1 promotes cellular growth of epithelial cells through induction of the secretory protein PAP I. Eur J Cell Biol 80, 156-163 (2001)
- [52] D Lackeyram, C Yang, T Archbold, KC Swanson, MZ Fan: Early weaning reduces small intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression in pigs. J Nutr 140, 461-468 (2010)
- [53] SD Hu, XL Li, R Rezaei, CJ Meininger, CJ McNeal, G Wu: Safety of long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine in pigs. Amino Acids 47, 925-936 (2015)
- [54] Y Yang, ZL Wu, SC Jia, S Dahanayaka, S Feng, CJ Meininger, CJ McNeal, G Wu: Safety of long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine in rats. Amino Acids, (2015)
- [55] K Yao, TJ Li, RL Huang, G Wu, Z Ruan, YL Yin: Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances intestinal development and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in weanling piglets. Br J Nutr 105, 703-709 (2011)
- [56] X Wu, Z Ruan, YL Gao, YL Yin, XH Zhou, L Wang, MM Geng, YQ Hou, G Wu: Dietary supplementation with L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate enhances intestinal growth and heat shock protein-70 expression in weanling pigs fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet. Amino Acids 39, 831-839 (2010)
- [57] RF Margolskee, J Dyer, Z Kokrashvili, KS Salmon, E Ilegems, K Daly, EL Maillet, Y Ninomiya, B Mosinger, SP Shirazi-Beechey: T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulateexpression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104, 15075-15080 (2007)
- [58] O Gal-Garber, SJ Mabjeesh, D Sklan, Z Uni: Nutrient transport in the small intestine: Na+, K+-ATPase expression and activity in the small intestine of the chicken as influenced by dietary sodium. Poult Sci 82, 1127-1133 (2003)
- [59] M Wilke, A Bot, H Jorna, BJ Scholte, HR de Jonge: Rescue of murine F508del CFTR activity in native intestine by low temperature and proteasome inhibitors. PLoS ONE 7, e52070 (2012)
- [60] N Derichs: Targeting a genetic defect: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 22, 58-65 (2013)
- [61] S Kanno, S Emil, M Kosi, H Monforte-Munoz, J Atkinson: Small intestinal absorption during endotoxemia in swine. Am Surg 62, 793-799 (1996)
- [62] JJ Cullen, RC Doty, KS Ephgrave, MM Hinkhouse, K Broadhurst: Changes in intestinal transit and absorption during endotoxemia are dose dependent. J Surg Res 81, 81-86 (1999)
- [63] B Abad, JE Mesonero, MT Salvador, J Garcia Herrera, MJ Rodríguez-Yoldi: The administration of lipopolysaccharide, in vivo, induces alteration in L-leucine intestinal absorption. Life Sci 70, 615-628 (2001)
- [64] DG Hardie: Minireview: the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade: the key sensor of cellular energy status. Endocrinology 144, 5179-5183 (2003)
- [65] Z Wu, P Puigserver, U Andersson, C Zhang, G Adelmant, V Mootha, A Troy, S Cinti, B Lowell, RC Scarpulla, BM Spiegelman: Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell 98, 115-124 (1999)
- [66] NJ Feige, M Lagouge, C Canto, A Strehle, SM Houten, JC Milne, PD Lambert, C Mataki, PJ Elliott, J Auwerx: Specific SIRT1 activation mimics low energy levels and protects against diet-induced metabolic disorders by enhancing Fat oxidation. Cell Metab 8, 347-358 (2008)
- [67] Z Shen, JM Ajmo, CQ Rogers, X Liang, L Le, MM Murr, Y Peng, M You: Role of SIRT1 in regulation of LPS- or two ethanol metabolites-induced TNF-α production in cultured macrophage cell lines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296, G1047-1053 (2009)
- [68] J Nedergaard, D Ricquier, LP Kozak: Uncoupling proteins: Uncoupling proteins: current status and therapeutic prospects. EMBO reports 6, 917-921 (2005)
- [69] P Groening, Z Huang, EF La Gamma, RJ Levy: Glutamine restores myocardial cytochrome c oxidase activity and improves cardiac function during experimental sepsis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35, 249-254 (2011)
- [70] T Kizaki, K Suzuki, Y Hitomi, N Taniguchi, D Saitoh, K Watanabe, K Onoé, NK Day, RA Good, H Ohno: Uncoupling protein 2 plays an important role in nitric oxide production of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99, 9392-9397 (2002)
- [71] YH Kang, T McKenna, LP Watson, R Williams, M Holt: Cytochemical changes in hepatocytes of rats with endotoxemia or sepsis: localization of fibronectin, calcium, and enzymes. J Histochem Cytochem 36, 665-678 (1988)
- [72] H Kitamura, M Ito, T Yuasa, C Kikuguchi, A Hijikata, M Takayama, Y Kimura, R Yokoyama, T Kaji, O Ohara: Genome-wide identification and characterization of transcripts translationally regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in macrophage-like J774.1. cells. Physiol Genomics 33, 121-132 (2008)
- [73] X Ke, J Chen, X Zhang, W Fang, C Yang, J Peng, Y Chen, TJ Sferra: Qing Hua Chang Yin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human intestinal cells by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Exp Ther Med 6, 189-193 (2013)
- [74] YC Lu, WC Yeh, PS Ohashi: LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway. Cytokine 42, 145-151 (2008)
- [75] TE Haynes, P Li, XL Li, K Shimotori, H Sato, NE Flynn, JJ Wang, D Knabe, G Wu: L-Glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine prevents oxidant- or endotoxin-induced death of neonatal enterocytes. Amino Acids 37, 131-142 (2009)
- [76] KC Malcolm, GS Worthen: Lipopolysaccharide stimulates p38-dependent induction of antiviral genes in neutrophils independently of paracrine factors. J Biol Chem 278, 15693-15701 (2003)
- [77] A Takaoka, H Yanai: Interferon signalling network in innate defence. Cell Microbiol 8, 907-922 (2006)
- [78] A García-Sastre, CA Biron: Type 1 interferons and the virus-host relationship: A lesson in Détente. Science 312, 879 (2006)
- [79] S Gessani, F Belardeli, A Pecorelli, C Baglioni: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and gamma interferon induce transcription of beta interferon mRNA and interferon secretion in murine macrophages. J Virol 63, 2785-2789 (1989)
- [80] S Doyle, S Vaidya, R O’Connell, H Dadgostar, P Dempsey, T Wu, G Rao, R Sun, M Haberland, R Modlin, G Cheng: IRF3 mediates a TLR3/TLR4-specific antiviral gene program. Immunity 17, 251-263 (2002)
