Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
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Intimal plaque neovascularization is associated with the development of symptomatic disease and thrombosis, with new 'leaky' fragile microvessels prone to haemorrhage. Perforin or pore forming protein is involved in vascular cell death by forming pores in target cells. Enzymes, in particular, granzyme B are secreted by immune infiltrates present in inflammatory plaque regions and have been shown to induce endothelial cell apoptosis. Similarly, dynamin-2 is a GTPase which mediates oxidised low density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis and is also required for granzyme B-mediated exocytosis and apoptosis. Our pilot studies identified increased expression of these proteins in complicated atherosclerotic plaques. Here we demonstrate by immunohistochemistry that both proteins are over-expressed in angiogenic regions of complicated carotid plaques. Dynamin-2 was extensively localised around microvessels and in immune infiltrating cells whilst perforin was localised in immune infiltrating cells, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Over-expression of these proteins may contribute to plaque destabilisation by increasing cellular apoptosis in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.