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- Jaume Sastre-Garriga
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[1]Sacco S, Braschinsky M, Ducros A, Lampl C, Little P, van den Brink AM, et al. European headache federation consensus on the definition of resistant and refractory migraine: Developed with the endorsement of the European Migraine & Headache Alliance (EMHA). The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2020; 21: 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01130-5.
[2]Puledda F, Silva EM, Suwanlaong K, Goadsby PJ. Migraine: from pathophysiology to treatment. Journal of Neurology. 2023; 270: 3654–3666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11706-1.
[3]Charles AC, Digre KB, Goadsby PJ, Robbins MS, Hershey A, American Headache Society. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting therapies are a first-line option for the prevention of migraine: An American Headache Society position statement update. Headache. 2024; 64: 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14692.
[4]Pacheco-Barrios K, Velasquez-Rimachi V, Navarro-Flores A, Huerta-Rosario A, Morán-Mariños C, Molina RA, et al. Primary headache disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2023; 43: 3331024221128265. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024221128265.
[5]Alpuente A, Gallardo VJ, Asskour L, Caronna E, Torres-Ferrus M, Pozo-Rosich P. Salivary CGRP can monitor the different migraine phases: CGRP (in)dependent attacks. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2022; 42: 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211040467.
[6]Smith B, Rowe J, Watkins PB, Ashina M, Woodhead JL, Sistare FD, et al. Mechanistic Investigations Support Liver Safety of Ubrogepant. Toxicological Sciences: an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2020; 177: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa093.
[7]Boinpally R, Shebley M, Trugman J. Ubrogepant: Mechanism of action, clinical and translational science. Clinical and Translational Science. 2024; 17: e13675. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13675.
[8]Moore E, Fraley ME, Bell IM, Burgey CS, White RB, Li CC, et al. Characterization of Ubrogepant: A Potent and Selective Antagonist of the Human Calcitonin Gene‒Related Peptide Receptor. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2020; 373: jpet.119.261065. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.119.261065.
[9]Szkutnik-Fiedler D. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug-Drug Interactions of New Anti-Migraine Drugs-Lasmiditan, Gepants, and Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12: 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121180.
[10]Rissardo JP, Caprara ALF. Gepants for Acute and Preventive Migraine Treatment: A Narrative Review. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12: 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121612.
[11]Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ailani J, Lu K, Finnegan M, Trugman JM, et al. Ubrogepant for the Treatment of Migraine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019; 381: 2230–2241. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1813049.
[12]Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ailani J, Halker Singh RB, Shewale AR, Zhao S, et al. Ubrogepant, an Acute Treatment for Migraine, Improved Patient-Reported Functional Disability and Satisfaction in 2 Single-Attack Phase 3 Randomized Trials, ACHIEVE I and II. Headache. 2020; 60: 686–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13766.
[13]Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Ailani J, Lu K, Finnegan M, Szegedi A, et al. Effect of Ubrogepant vs Placebo on Pain and the Most Bothersome Associated Symptom in the Acute Treatment of Migraine: The ACHIEVE II Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019; 322: 1887–1898. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.16711.
[14]Ailani J, Lipton RB, Hutchinson S, Knievel K, Lu K, Butler M, et al. Long-Term Safety Evaluation of Ubrogepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Phase 3, Randomized, 52-Week Extension Trial. Headache. 2020; 60: 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13682.
[15]Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ, Schwedt TJ, Lipton RB, Liu C, Lu K, et al. Ubrogepant for the treatment of migraine attacks during the prodrome: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in the USA. Lancet (London, England). 2023; 402: 2307–2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01683-5.
[16]Chiang CC, Arca KN, Dunn RB, Girardo ME, Quillen JK, Dodick DW, et al. Real-world efficacy, tolerability, and safety of ubrogepant. Headache. 2021; 61: 620–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14062.
[17]Wu SZ, Chen L. Efficacy and safety of ubrogepant for migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2024; 134: 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2022.2090351.
[18]Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ, Burstein R, Adams AM, Lai J, et al. Efficacy of Ubrogepant in the Acute Treatment of Migraine With Mild Pain vs Moderate or Severe Pain. Neurology. 2022; 99: e1905–e1915. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201031.
[19]Johnston KM, Powell L, Popoff E, Harris L, Croop R, Coric V, et al. Rimegepant, Ubrogepant, and Lasmiditan in the Acute Treatment of Migraine Examining the Benefit-Risk Profile Using Number Needed to Treat/Harm. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2022; 38: 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000001072.
[20]Manack Adams A, Hutchinson S, Engstrom E, Ayasse ND, Serrano D, Davis L, et al. Real-world effectiveness, satisfaction, and optimization of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine in combination with onabotulinumtoxinA: results from the COURAGE Study. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2023; 24: 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-023-01622-0.
[21]Cao B, Gu S, Shen Z, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Chen H. Evaluating Ubrogepant-related adverse events using the FDA adverse event reporting system. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2024; 23: 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2023.2251390.
[22]Blair HA. Rimegepant: A Review in the Acute Treatment and Preventive Treatment of Migraine. CNS Drugs. 2023; 37: 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-023-00988-8.
[23]Croop R, Goadsby PJ, Stock DA, Conway CM, Forshaw M, Stock EG, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine: a randomised, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2019; 394: 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31606-X.
[24]Lipton RB, Croop R, Stock EG, Stock DA, Morris BA, Frost M, et al. Rimegepant, an Oral Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonist, for Migraine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019; 381: 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811090.
[25]Yu S, Kim BK, Guo A, Kim MH, Zhang M, Wang Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine in China and South Korea: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. Neurology. 2023; 22: 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00126-6.
[26]Lipton RB, Conway CM, Stock EG, Stock D, Morris BA, McCormack TJ, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant 75 mg, an oral CGRP receptor antagonist, for the treatment of migraine: results from a phase 3, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Study 301. San Francisco, USA, 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society. 2018.
[27]Croop R, Berman G, Kudrow D, Mullin K, Thiry A, Lovegren M, et al. A multicenter, open-label long-term safety study of rimegepant for the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2024; 44: 3331024241232944. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024241232944.
[28]Croop R, Lipton RB, Kudrow D, Stock DA, Kamen L, Conway CM, et al. Oral rimegepant for preventive treatment of migraine: a phase 2/3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2021; 397: 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32544-7.
[29]Johnston K, Harris L, Powell L, Popoff E, Coric V, L’Italien G, et al. Monthly migraine days, tablet utilization, and quality of life associated with Rimegepant - post hoc results from an open label safety study (BHV3000-201). The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2022; 23: 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01378-5.
[30]Boinpally R, Shebley M, Trugman JM. Atogepant: Mechanism of action, clinical and translational science. Clinical and Translational Science. 2024; 17: e13707. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13707.
[31]Moore E, Bell IM, Fraley ME, Burgey CS, White RB, Li CC, et al. Pharmacologic characterization of atogepant: A potent and selective calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2024; 44: 3331024231226186. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024231226186.
[32]Nahas S, Ailani J, McAllister P, Singh RH, Lipton RB, Ma J, et al. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Atogepant: A Post Hoc Analysis of the ADVANCE Trial (P12-12.001). Neurology. 2023; 100: 1519. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.000000000020196.
[33]Melo-Carrillo A, Strassman AM, Broide R, Adams A, Dabruzzo B, Brin M, et al. Novel insight into atogepant mechanisms of action in migraine prevention. Brain: a Journal of Neurology. 2024; 147: 2884–2896. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae062.
[34]Min KC, Kraft WK, Bondiskey P, Colón-González F, Liu W, Xu J, et al. Atogepant Is Not Associated With Clinically Meaningful Alanine Aminotransferase Elevations in Healthy Adults. Clinical and Translational Science. 2021; 14: 599–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12917.
[35]Ankrom W, Xu J, Vallee MH, Dockendorf MF, Armas D, Boinpally R, et al. Atogepant Has No Clinically Relevant Effects on the Pharmacokinetics of an Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel Oral Contraceptive in Healthy Female Participants. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2020; 60: 1157–1165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1610.
[36]Ailani J, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, Guo H, Miceli R, Severt L, et al. Atogepant for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2021; 385: 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035908.
[37]Ashina M, Tepper SJ, Reuter U, Blumenfeld AM, Hutchinson S, Xia J, et al. Once-daily oral atogepant for the long-term preventive treatment of migraine: Findings from a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial. Headache. 2023; 63: 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14439.
[38]Pozo-Rosich P, Ailani J, Ashina M, Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Reuter U, et al. Atogepant for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine (PROGRESS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England). 2023; 402: 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01049-8.
[39]Tassorelli C, Onishchenko K, Halker Singh RB, Duan M, Dupont-Benjamin L, Hemstock M, et al. Comparative efficacy, quality of life, safety, and tolerability of atogepant and rimegepant in migraine prevention: A matching-adjusted indirect comparison analysis. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2024; 44: 3331024241235156. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024241235156.
[40]Tassorelli C, Nagy K, Pozo-Rosich P, Lanteri-Minet M, Sacco S, Nežádal T, et al. Safety and efficacy of atogepant for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine in adults for whom conventional oral preventive treatments have failed (ELEVATE): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. The Lancet. Neurology. 2024; 23: 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00025-5.
[41]Melo-Carrillo A, Strassman AM, Schain AJ, Adams AM, Brin MF, Burstein R. Combined onabotulinumtoxinA/atogepant treatment blocks activation/sensitization of high-threshold and wide-dynamic range neurons. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2021; 41: 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420970507.
[42]Dhillon S. Zavegepant: First Approval. Drugs. 2023; 83: 825–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-023-01885-6.
[43]Waqas M, Ansari FUR, Nazir A, Hussain KSR, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, et al. Zavegepant nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine: A meta analysis. Medicine. 2023; 102: e35632. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035632.
[44]Croop R, Madonia J, Stock DA, Thiry A, Forshaw M, Murphy A, et al. Zavegepant nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine: A Phase 2/3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Headache. 2022; 62: 1153–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14389.
[45]Lipton RB, Croop R, Stock DA, Madonia J, Forshaw M, Lovegren M, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of zavegepant 10 mg nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine in the USA: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. The Lancet. Neurology. 2023; 22: 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00517-8.
[46]Ashina H, Tfelt-Hansen P. Zavegepant for the acute treatment of migraine: look before leaping. Nature Reviews. Neurology. 2023; 19: 329–330. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-023-00803-4.
[47]Houts CR, McGinley JS, Nishida TK, Buse DC, Wirth RJ, Dodick DW, et al. Systematic review of outcomes and endpoints in acute migraine clinical trials. Headache. 2021; 61: 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14067.
[48]Al-Hassany L, Goadsby PJ, Danser AHJ, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs for migraine: how pharmacology might inform treatment decisions. The Lancet. Neurology. 2022; 21: 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00409-9.
[49]Navarro-Pérez MP, Marín-Gracia M, Bellosta-Diago E, Santos-Lasaosa S. Epidemiology of migraine in Spain and Latin America. Revista De Neurologia. 2020; 71: 110–118. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7103.2019266. (En Español)
[50]Burch R, Rizzoli P, Loder E. The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: Updated age, sex, and socioeconomic-specific estimates from government health surveys. Headache. 2021; 61: 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14024.
[51]Thaliffdeen R, Yu A, Rascati K. Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Oral CGRP Antagonists, Atogepant and Rimegepant, for the Preventative Treatment of Episodic Migraine: Results from a US Societal Perspective Model. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2024; 44: 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-024-01345-3.
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- Jaume Sastre-Garriga
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, Julián Cuartas Zapata 1,3, Adolfo León Vélez Aguirre 1,31 Servicio de Neurologia, Fundación Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
2 Grupo de Investigación NeuroUnal, Unidad de Neurología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
3 Programa de Posgrado en Neurología, Universidad CES y Universidad de Antioquia, 050022 Medellín, Colombia
Abstract
Migraine is a complex condition when considered from the perspective of its pathophysiology. Moreover, it is highly prevalent and of priority interest in public health. Gepants are a highly-effective and specific therapeutic option, although their recent arrival in Latin America raises particular questions and expectations. A narrative review of the four medications available outside Latin America at this time is provided and the main considerations that should be borne in mind before and during their adoption are presented. Appropriate patient selection and marketing cost will be key determinants for their consolidation as an alternative to traditional medications used in migraine.
Keywords
- gepants
- migraine
- calcitonin gene-related peptide
- therapeutics
References
- [1]
Sacco S, Braschinsky M, Ducros A, Lampl C, Little P, van den Brink AM, et al. European headache federation consensus on the definition of resistant and refractory migraine: Developed with the endorsement of the European Migraine & Headache Alliance (EMHA). The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2020; 21: 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01130-5. Cited within: 2Google Scholar - [2]
Puledda F, Silva EM, Suwanlaong K, Goadsby PJ. Migraine: from pathophysiology to treatment. Journal of Neurology. 2023; 270: 3654–3666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11706-1. - [3]
Charles AC, Digre KB, Goadsby PJ, Robbins MS, Hershey A, American Headache Society. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting therapies are a first-line option for the prevention of migraine: An American Headache Society position statement update. Headache. 2024; 64: 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14692. - [4]
Pacheco-Barrios K, Velasquez-Rimachi V, Navarro-Flores A, Huerta-Rosario A, Morán-Mariños C, Molina RA, et al. Primary headache disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2023; 43: 3331024221128265. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024221128265. - [5]
Alpuente A, Gallardo VJ, Asskour L, Caronna E, Torres-Ferrus M, Pozo-Rosich P. Salivary CGRP can monitor the different migraine phases: CGRP (in)dependent attacks. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2022; 42: 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211040467. - [6]
Smith B, Rowe J, Watkins PB, Ashina M, Woodhead JL, Sistare FD, et al. Mechanistic Investigations Support Liver Safety of Ubrogepant. Toxicological Sciences: an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2020; 177: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa093. - [7]
Boinpally R, Shebley M, Trugman J. Ubrogepant: Mechanism of action, clinical and translational science. Clinical and Translational Science. 2024; 17: e13675. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13675. - [8]
Moore E, Fraley ME, Bell IM, Burgey CS, White RB, Li CC, et al. Characterization of Ubrogepant: A Potent and Selective Antagonist of the Human Calcitonin Gene‒Related Peptide Receptor. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2020; 373: jpet.119.261065. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.119.261065. - [9]
Szkutnik-Fiedler D. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug-Drug Interactions of New Anti-Migraine Drugs-Lasmiditan, Gepants, and Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12: 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121180. - [10]
Rissardo JP, Caprara ALF. Gepants for Acute and Preventive Migraine Treatment: A Narrative Review. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12: 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121612. - [11]
Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ailani J, Lu K, Finnegan M, Trugman JM, et al. Ubrogepant for the Treatment of Migraine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019; 381: 2230–2241. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1813049. - [12]
Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ailani J, Halker Singh RB, Shewale AR, Zhao S, et al. Ubrogepant, an Acute Treatment for Migraine, Improved Patient-Reported Functional Disability and Satisfaction in 2 Single-Attack Phase 3 Randomized Trials, ACHIEVE I and II. Headache. 2020; 60: 686–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13766. - [13]
Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Ailani J, Lu K, Finnegan M, Szegedi A, et al. Effect of Ubrogepant vs Placebo on Pain and the Most Bothersome Associated Symptom in the Acute Treatment of Migraine: The ACHIEVE II Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019; 322: 1887–1898. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.16711. - [14]
Ailani J, Lipton RB, Hutchinson S, Knievel K, Lu K, Butler M, et al. Long-Term Safety Evaluation of Ubrogepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Phase 3, Randomized, 52-Week Extension Trial. Headache. 2020; 60: 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13682. - [15]
Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ, Schwedt TJ, Lipton RB, Liu C, Lu K, et al. Ubrogepant for the treatment of migraine attacks during the prodrome: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in the USA. Lancet (London, England). 2023; 402: 2307–2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01683-5. - [16]
Chiang CC, Arca KN, Dunn RB, Girardo ME, Quillen JK, Dodick DW, et al. Real-world efficacy, tolerability, and safety of ubrogepant. Headache. 2021; 61: 620–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14062. - [17]
Wu SZ, Chen L. Efficacy and safety of ubrogepant for migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2024; 134: 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2022.2090351. - [18]
Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ, Burstein R, Adams AM, Lai J, et al. Efficacy of Ubrogepant in the Acute Treatment of Migraine With Mild Pain vs Moderate or Severe Pain. Neurology. 2022; 99: e1905–e1915. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201031. - [19]
Johnston KM, Powell L, Popoff E, Harris L, Croop R, Coric V, et al. Rimegepant, Ubrogepant, and Lasmiditan in the Acute Treatment of Migraine Examining the Benefit-Risk Profile Using Number Needed to Treat/Harm. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2022; 38: 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000001072. - [20]
Manack Adams A, Hutchinson S, Engstrom E, Ayasse ND, Serrano D, Davis L, et al. Real-world effectiveness, satisfaction, and optimization of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine in combination with onabotulinumtoxinA: results from the COURAGE Study. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2023; 24: 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-023-01622-0. - [21]
Cao B, Gu S, Shen Z, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Chen H. Evaluating Ubrogepant-related adverse events using the FDA adverse event reporting system. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2024; 23: 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2023.2251390. - [22]
Blair HA. Rimegepant: A Review in the Acute Treatment and Preventive Treatment of Migraine. CNS Drugs. 2023; 37: 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-023-00988-8. - [23]
Croop R, Goadsby PJ, Stock DA, Conway CM, Forshaw M, Stock EG, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine: a randomised, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2019; 394: 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31606-X. - [24]
Lipton RB, Croop R, Stock EG, Stock DA, Morris BA, Frost M, et al. Rimegepant, an Oral Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonist, for Migraine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019; 381: 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811090. - [25]
Yu S, Kim BK, Guo A, Kim MH, Zhang M, Wang Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine in China and South Korea: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. Neurology. 2023; 22: 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00126-6. - [26]
Lipton RB, Conway CM, Stock EG, Stock D, Morris BA, McCormack TJ, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant 75 mg, an oral CGRP receptor antagonist, for the treatment of migraine: results from a phase 3, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Study 301. San Francisco, USA, 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society. 2018. - [27]
Croop R, Berman G, Kudrow D, Mullin K, Thiry A, Lovegren M, et al. A multicenter, open-label long-term safety study of rimegepant for the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2024; 44: 3331024241232944. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024241232944. - [28]
Croop R, Lipton RB, Kudrow D, Stock DA, Kamen L, Conway CM, et al. Oral rimegepant for preventive treatment of migraine: a phase 2/3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2021; 397: 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32544-7. - [29]
Johnston K, Harris L, Powell L, Popoff E, Coric V, L’Italien G, et al. Monthly migraine days, tablet utilization, and quality of life associated with Rimegepant - post hoc results from an open label safety study (BHV3000-201). The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2022; 23: 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01378-5. - [30]
Boinpally R, Shebley M, Trugman JM. Atogepant: Mechanism of action, clinical and translational science. Clinical and Translational Science. 2024; 17: e13707. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13707. - [31]
Moore E, Bell IM, Fraley ME, Burgey CS, White RB, Li CC, et al. Pharmacologic characterization of atogepant: A potent and selective calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache. 2024; 44: 3331024231226186. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024231226186. - [32]
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