IMR Press / RCM / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2401008
Open Access Review
Progress and Challenges of Understanding Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3
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1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, 09210-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil
*Correspondence: marcela.ramos@ufabc.edu.br (Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos)
Academic Editors: Grazia Maria Virzì, Anna Clementi and Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023, 24(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2401008
Submitted: 18 October 2022 | Revised: 18 November 2022 | Accepted: 24 November 2022 | Published: 4 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiorenal Syndrome in Acute Kidney Injury)
Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract

The pathologies of the kidney and heart have instigated a large number of researchers around the world to try to better understand what the exact connectors responsible for the emergence and establishment of these diseases are. The classification of these pathologies into different types of cardiorenal syndromes (CRSs) over the last 15 years has greatly contributed to understanding pathophysiological and diagnostic aspects, as well as treatment strategies. However, with the advent of new technologies classified as “Omics”, a new range of knowledge and new possibilities have opened up in order to effectively understand the intermediaries between the kidney-heart axis. The universe of micro-RNAs (miRNAs), epigenetic factors, and components present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been protagonists in studying different types of CRSs. Thus, the new challenge that is imposed is to select and link the large amount of information generated from the use of large-scale analysis techniques. The present review seeks to present some of the future perspectives related to understanding CRSs, with an emphasis on CRS type 3.

Keywords
cardiorenal syndrome type 3
acute renocardiac syndrome
heart failure
acute kidney injury
acute cardiac injury
epigenetics
Funding
22/00153-0/State of São Paulo Research Foundation
Figures
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