IMR Press / RCM / Volume 23 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2303100
Open Access Systematic Review
Apical Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Show Less
1 Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health l, 3510-105 Viseu, Portugal
2 Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-085 Aveiro, Portugal
3 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, 02006 Cuenca, Spain
4 Rehabilitation in Health Research Center (CIRES), Universidad de las Americas, 7910000 Santiago, Chile
5 Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, 1548 Asunción, Paraguay
*Correspondence: rita.noites@ucp.pt (Rita Noites)
Academic Editors: Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai and Victor L. Serebruany
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022, 23(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2303100
Submitted: 13 November 2021 | Revised: 21 January 2022 | Accepted: 22 February 2022 | Published: 12 March 2022
Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract

Background: A potential relationship between oral health and cardiovascular diseases has been proposed. However, uncertainty remains as to whether there is sufficient data to support this association. This review aims to appraise the relationship between apical periodontitis and cardiovascular disease based on data from observational studies. Methods: The databases Medline (via PubMed) and EMBASE (via Scopus) were searched up to August 2020 for observational studies (case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort) assessing the association of apical periodontitis with cardiovascular disease among adults. Pooled relative risk/odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using a random-effects model. Sensitivity analyses and random-effects meta-regressions were performed. Results: The initial search yielded 2537 documents, of which 15 were eligible for inclusion, including 8 cross-sectional studies, 5 case-control studies, and 2 cohort studies. The majority of studies enrolled both men and women, with mean age ranging from 41 to 66 years. In cross-sectional studies, the presence of apical periodontitis was significantly associated with cardiovascular disease with a combined odds ratio of 1.53 (95% CI: 1.02–2.29, p = 0.039; I2 = 75.0%; p < 0.001). In the case-control studies, the combined odds ratio did not show a significant association of apical periodontitis with cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 0.67–2.29, p = 0.494; I2 = 82.1%; p < 0.001). The pooled risk ratio from the 2 cohort studies showed (RR = 1.27; 95% CI: 0.71–2.27, p = 0.413; I2 = 69.1%; p = 0.072) also showed no significant association between apical periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity. Conclusions: Data derived from cross-sectional studies suggest a weak association between apical periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. As the results were not consistent across study designs, further research is recommended, namely longitudinal studies with long-term follow-up. Registration: PROSPERO database (CRD42020204379).

Keywords
endodontic infection
apical periodontitis
necrotic teeth
cardiovascular disease
Figures
Fig. 1.
Share
Back to top