Fig. 1.The underlying mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of
electroacupuncture on PD. The underlying mechanisms include ①
anti-oxidant stress response, ② anti-neuroinflammatory response,
③ up-regulation of neurotrophic factors and reduction of nerve cell
apoptosis, ④ down-regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and
improvement of mitochondrial function, ⑤ improvement of the function of
the ubiquitin-proteasome system, ⑥ anti-excitatory toxicity response,
⑦ activation of autophagy, and ⑧ modulation of gut microbiota.
PD, Parkinson’s disease; DA, dopamine; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Nrf2, nuclear factor-E2-related
factor-2; hPAP, human placental alkaline phosphatase; GSH, glutathione; nNOS,
neuronal nitric oxide synthase; MDA, malondialdehyde; BDNF, brain-derived
neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor;
UCH-L1, ubiquitin C terminal hydrolase-L1; UBE1, ubiquitin-activating enzyme-1.