Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
The field of immunology has made significant and rapid advances in the past two decades. This understanding has led to a systematic approach to studying the various aspects of development, activation, expansion, maintenance and termination of immune responses, with respect to disease-pathogenesis, prevention and therapeutic interventions. This issue of the journal focuses on reviewing the molecular aspects of vaccine design. In order to provide the reader with a framework and reference to the new aspects of immunological concepts, this article reviews the recent developments in immunology, with emphasis on induction of immune responses during vaccination. Key recent reviews in each section are provided for the readers to obtain detailed information. Several schematic figures are provided for a visual representation of basic concepts.