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[1]Takahashi I, Nuckolls GH, Takahashi K, Tanaka O, Semba I, Dashner R, Shum L, Slavkin HC. Compressive force promotes sox9, type II collagen and aggrecan and inhibits IL-1beta expression resulting in chondrogenesis in mouse embryonic limb bud mesenchymal cells. J Cell Sci 111 (Pt 14): 2067-76 (1998)
[2]Elder SH, Kimura JH, Soslowsky LJ, Lavagnino M, Goldstein SA. Effect of compressive loading on chondrocyte differentiation in agarose cultures of chick limb-bud cells. J Orthop Res 18:78-86 (2000)
[3]Mahmoodian R, Leasure J, Philip P, Pleshko N, Capaldi F, Siegler S. Changes in mechanics and composition of human talar cartilage anlagen during fetal development. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19:1199-209 (2011)
[4]Klein TJ, Chaudhry M, Bae WC, Sah RL. Depth-dependent biomechanical and biochemical properties of fetal, newborn, and tissue-engineered articular cartilage. J Biomech 40:182-90 (2007)
[5]Hodge WA, Fijan RS, Carlson KL, Burgess RG, Harris WH, Mann RW. Contact pressures in the human hip joint measured in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:2879-83 (1986)
[6]Palmoski MJ, Colyer RA, Brandt KD. Joint motion in the absence of normal loading does not maintain normal articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 23:325-34 (1980)
[7]Behrens F, Kraft EL, Oegema TR, Jr. Biochemical changes in articular cartilage after joint immobilization by casting or external fixation. J Orthop Res 7:335-43 (1989)
[8]Saamanen AM, Tammi M, Jurvelin J, Kiviranta I, Helminen HJ. Proteoglycan alterations following immobilization and remobilization in the articular cartilage of young canine knee (stifle) joint. J Orthop Res 8:863-73 (1990)
[9]Herberhold C, Faber S, Stammberger T, Steinlechner M, Putz R, Englmeier KH, Reiser M, Eckstein F. In situ measurement of articular cartilage deformation in intact femoropatellar joints under static loading. J Biomech 32:1287-95 (1999)
[10]Urban JP. The chondrocyte: a cell under pressure. Br J Rheumatol 33:901-8 (1994)
[11]Toyoda T, Seedhom BB, Kirkham J, Bonass WA. Upregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA expression in bovine chondrocytes by the application of hydrostatic pressure. Biorheology 40:79-85 (2003)
[12]Toyoda T, Seedhom BB, Yao JQ, Kirkham J, Brookes S, Bonass WA. Hydrostatic pressure modulates proteoglycan metabolism in chondrocytes seeded in agarose. Arthritis Rheum 48:2865-72 (2003)
[13]Hall AC, Urban JP, Gehl KA. The effects of hydrostatic pressure on matrix synthesis in articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 9:1-10 (1991)
[14]Trindade MC, Shida J, Ikenoue T, Lee MS, Lin EY, Yaszay B. Intermittent hydrostatic pressure inhibits matrix metalloproteinase and pro-inflammatory mediator release from human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12:729-35 (2004)
[15]Islam N, Haqqi TM, Jepsen KJ, Kraay M. Hydrostatic pressure induces apoptosis in human chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage through up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, p53, c-myc, and bax-alpha, and suppression of bcl-2. J Cell Biochem 87:266-78 (2002)
[16]Rooney P, Archer CW. The development of the perichondrium in the avian ulna. J Anat 181 (Pt 3): 393-401 (1992)
[17]Long F, Linsenmayer TF. Regulation of growth region cartilage proliferation and differentiation by perichondrium. Development 125:1067-73 (1998)
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[19]Smith RL, Donlon BS, Gupta MK, Mohtai M. Effects of fluid-induced shear on articular chondrocyte morphology and metabolism in vitro. J Orthop Res 13:824-31 (1995)
[20]Smith RL, Carter DR, Schurman DJ. Pressure and shear differentially alter human articular chondrocyte metabolism: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res: S89-95 (2004)
[21]Glucksmann A. The role of mechanical stresses in bone formation in vitro. J Anat 76:231-9 (1942)
[22]Taber LA. Biomechanical growth laws for muscle tissue. J Theor Biol 193:201-13 (1998)
[23]Takahashi I, Mizoguchi I, Nakamura M, Sasano Y. Effects of expansive force on the differentiation of midpalatal suture cartilage in rats. Bone 18:341-8 (1996)
[24]Takahashi I, Onodera K, Sasano Y, Mizoguchi I. Effect of stretching on gene expression of beta1 integrin and focal adhesion kinase and on chondrogenesis through cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Eur J Cell Biol 82:182-92 (2003)
[25]Hosseini A, Hogg DA. The effects of paralysis on skeletal development in the chick embryo. I. General effects. J Anat 177:159-68 (1991)
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[28]Buschmann MD, Hunziker EB, Kim YJ, Grodzinsky AJ. Altered aggrecan synthesis correlates with cell and nucleus structure in statically compressed cartilage. J Cell Sci 109 (Pt 2): 499-508 (1996)
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Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
1 Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
Abstract
Articular cartilage is exquisitely sensitive to mechanical loading, one of the most important external factors that regulates its development, integrity and long-term maintenance. Cartilage undergoes degradation by its misuse or overuse. In this review, we elaborate on this role and discuss the application of mechanical stress on chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in order to foster chondrogenesis.
Keywords
- Articular Cartilage
- Mechanical Loading
- Chondrocyte
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell
- Chondrogenesis
- Review
References
- [1] Takahashi I, Nuckolls GH, Takahashi K, Tanaka O, Semba I, Dashner R, Shum L, Slavkin HC. Compressive force promotes sox9, type II collagen and aggrecan and inhibits IL-1beta expression resulting in chondrogenesis in mouse embryonic limb bud mesenchymal cells. J Cell Sci 111 (Pt 14): 2067-76 (1998)
- [2] Elder SH, Kimura JH, Soslowsky LJ, Lavagnino M, Goldstein SA. Effect of compressive loading on chondrocyte differentiation in agarose cultures of chick limb-bud cells. J Orthop Res 18:78-86 (2000)
- [3] Mahmoodian R, Leasure J, Philip P, Pleshko N, Capaldi F, Siegler S. Changes in mechanics and composition of human talar cartilage anlagen during fetal development. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 19:1199-209 (2011)
- [4] Klein TJ, Chaudhry M, Bae WC, Sah RL. Depth-dependent biomechanical and biochemical properties of fetal, newborn, and tissue-engineered articular cartilage. J Biomech 40:182-90 (2007)
- [5] Hodge WA, Fijan RS, Carlson KL, Burgess RG, Harris WH, Mann RW. Contact pressures in the human hip joint measured in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:2879-83 (1986)
- [6] Palmoski MJ, Colyer RA, Brandt KD. Joint motion in the absence of normal loading does not maintain normal articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 23:325-34 (1980)
- [7] Behrens F, Kraft EL, Oegema TR, Jr. Biochemical changes in articular cartilage after joint immobilization by casting or external fixation. J Orthop Res 7:335-43 (1989)
- [8] Saamanen AM, Tammi M, Jurvelin J, Kiviranta I, Helminen HJ. Proteoglycan alterations following immobilization and remobilization in the articular cartilage of young canine knee (stifle) joint. J Orthop Res 8:863-73 (1990)
- [9] Herberhold C, Faber S, Stammberger T, Steinlechner M, Putz R, Englmeier KH, Reiser M, Eckstein F. In situ measurement of articular cartilage deformation in intact femoropatellar joints under static loading. J Biomech 32:1287-95 (1999)
- [10] Urban JP. The chondrocyte: a cell under pressure. Br J Rheumatol 33:901-8 (1994)
- [11] Toyoda T, Seedhom BB, Kirkham J, Bonass WA. Upregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA expression in bovine chondrocytes by the application of hydrostatic pressure. Biorheology 40:79-85 (2003)
- [12] Toyoda T, Seedhom BB, Yao JQ, Kirkham J, Brookes S, Bonass WA. Hydrostatic pressure modulates proteoglycan metabolism in chondrocytes seeded in agarose. Arthritis Rheum 48:2865-72 (2003)
- [13] Hall AC, Urban JP, Gehl KA. The effects of hydrostatic pressure on matrix synthesis in articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 9:1-10 (1991)
- [14] Trindade MC, Shida J, Ikenoue T, Lee MS, Lin EY, Yaszay B. Intermittent hydrostatic pressure inhibits matrix metalloproteinase and pro-inflammatory mediator release from human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12:729-35 (2004)
- [15] Islam N, Haqqi TM, Jepsen KJ, Kraay M. Hydrostatic pressure induces apoptosis in human chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage through up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, p53, c-myc, and bax-alpha, and suppression of bcl-2. J Cell Biochem 87:266-78 (2002)
- [16] Rooney P, Archer CW. The development of the perichondrium in the avian ulna. J Anat 181 (Pt 3): 393-401 (1992)
- [17] Long F, Linsenmayer TF. Regulation of growth region cartilage proliferation and differentiation by perichondrium. Development 125:1067-73 (1998)
- [18] Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J. Mechanotransduction in bone--role of the lacuno-canalicular network. FASEB J 13 Suppl: S101-12 (1999)
- [19] Smith RL, Donlon BS, Gupta MK, Mohtai M. Effects of fluid-induced shear on articular chondrocyte morphology and metabolism in vitro. J Orthop Res 13:824-31 (1995)
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- [28] Buschmann MD, Hunziker EB, Kim YJ, Grodzinsky AJ. Altered aggrecan synthesis correlates with cell and nucleus structure in statically compressed cartilage. J Cell Sci 109 (Pt 2): 499-508 (1996)
- [29] Thomopoulos S, Kim HM, Rothermich SY, Biederstadt C, Das R, Galatz LM. Decreased muscle loading delays maturation of the tendon enthesis during postnatal development. J Orthop Res 25:1154-63 (2007)
- [30] Goldring SR, Goldring MB. The role of cytokines in cartilage matrix degeneration in osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res: S27-36 (2004)
- [31] Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol 213:626-34 (2007)
- [32] Goldring MB, Berenbaum F. The regulation of chondrocyte function by proinflammatory mediators: prostaglandins and nitric oxide. Clin Orthop Relat Res: S37-46 (2004)
- [33] Steinmeyer J, Ackermann B, Raiss RX. Intermittent cyclic loading of cartilage explants modulates fibronectin metabolism. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 5:331-41 (1997)
- [34] Fehrenbacher A, Steck E, Rickert M, Roth W. Rapid regulation of collagen but not metalloproteinase 1, 3, 13, 14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, 2, 3 expression in response to mechanical loading of cartilage explants in vitro. Arch Biochem Biophys 410:39-47 (2003)
- [35] Giannoni P, Siegrist M, Hunziker EB, Wong M. The mechanosensitivity of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Biorheology 40:101-9 (2003)
- [36] Fitzgerald JB, Jin M, Dean D, Wood DJ. Mechanical compression of cartilage explants induces multiple time-dependent gene expression patterns and involves intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP. J Biol Chem 279:19502-11 (2004)
- [37] Wong M, Siegrist M, Cao X. Cyclic compression of articular cartilage explants is associated with progressive consolidation and altered expression pattern of extracellular matrix proteins. Matrix Biol 18:391-9 (1999)
- [38] Sah RL, Kim YJ, Doong JY, Grodzinsky AJ, Plaas AH, Sandy JD. Biosynthetic response of cartilage explants to dynamic compression. J Orthop Res 7:619-36 (1989)
- [39] Larsson T, Aspden RM, Heinegard D. Effects of mechanical load on cartilage matrix biosynthesis in vitro. Matrix 11:388-94 (1991)
- [40] Parkkinen JJ, Ikonen J, Lammi MJ, Laakkonen J, Tammi M, Helminen HJ. Effects of cyclic hydrostatic pressure on proteoglycan synthesis in cultured chondrocytes and articular cartilage explants. Arch Biochem Biophys 300:458-65 (1993)
- [41] Kisiday JD, Jin M, DiMicco MA, Kurz B, Grodzinsky AJ. Effects of dynamic compressive loading on chondrocyte biosynthesis in self-assembling peptide scaffolds. J Biomech 37:595-604 (2004)
- [42] Davisson T, Kunig S, Chen A, Sah R, Ratcliffe A. Static and dynamic compression modulate matrix metabolism in tissue engineered cartilage. J Orthop Res 20:842-8 (2002)
- [43] Lee CR, Grodzinsky AJ, Spector M. Biosynthetic response of passaged chondrocytes in a type II collagen scaffold to mechanical compression. J Biomed Mater Res A 64:560-9 (2003)
- [44] Hunter CJ, Mouw JK, Levenston ME. Dynamic compression of chondrocyte-seeded fibrin gels: effects on matrix accumulation and mechanical stiffness. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12:117-30 (2004)
- [45] Lee CR, Grad S, Gorna K, Gogolewski S. Fibrin-polyurethane composites for articular cartilage tissue engineering: a preliminary analysis. Tissue Eng 11:1562-73 (2005)
- [46] Seidel JO, Pei M, Gray ML, Langer R, Freed LE. Long-term culture of tissue engineered cartilage in a perfused chamber with mechanical stimulation. Biorheology 41:445-58 (2004)
- [47] Frank EH, Jin M, Loening AM, Levenston ME, Grodzinsky AJ. A versatile shear and compression apparatus for mechanical stimulation of tissue culture explants. J Biomech 33:1523-7 (2000)
- [48] Jin M, Frank EH, Quinn TM, Hunziker EB, Grodzinsky AJ. Tissue shear deformation stimulates proteoglycan and protein biosynthesis in bovine cartilage explants. Arch Biochem Biophys 395:41-8 (2001)
- [49] Waldman SD, Spiteri CG, Grynpas MD. Long-term intermittent shear deformation improves the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro. J Orthop Res 21:590-6 (2003)
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