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[1]D. L. Lamm and F. M. Torti: Bladder cancer, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin, 46(2), 93-112 (1996)
[2]A. Quintero, J. Alvarez-Kindelan, R. J. Luque, R. Gonzalez-Campora, M. J. Requena, R. Montironi and A. Lopez-Beltran: Ki-67 MIB1 labelling index and the prognosis of primary TaT1 urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Clin Pathol, 59(1), 83-8 (2006)
[3]M. Puntoni, S. Zanardi, D. Branchi, S. Bruno, A. Curotto, M. Varaldo, P. Bruzzi and A. Decensi: Prognostic effect of DNA aneuploidy from bladder washings in superficial bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 16(5), 979-83 (2007)
[4]Z. Kirkali, T. Chan, M. Manoharan, F. Algaba, C. Busch, L. Cheng, L. Kiemeney, M. Kriegmair, R. Montironi, W. M. Murphy, I. A. Sesterhenn, M. Tachibana and J. Weider: Bladder cancer: epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis. Urology, 66(6 Suppl 1), 4-34 (2005)
[5]R. J. Sylvester, M. A. Brausi, W. J. Kirkels, W. Hoeltl, F. Calais Da Silva, P. H. Powell, S. Prescott, Z. Kirkali, C. van de Beek, T. Gorlia and T. M. de Reijke: Long-Term Efficacy Results of EORTC Genito-Urinary GroupRandomized Phase 3 Study 30911 Comparing Intravesical Instillations of Epirubicin, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus Isoniazid in Patients with Intermediate-and High-Risk Stage Ta T1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Eur Urol, 57, 766-773 (2010)
[6]M. D. Shelley, H. Kynaston, J. Court, T. J. Wilt, B. Coles, K. Burgon and M. D. Mason: Asystematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int, 88(3), 209-16 (2001)
[7]T. Gardmark, S. Jahnson, R. Wahlquist, H. Wijkstrom and P. U. Malmstrom: Analysis of progression and survival after 10 years of a randomized prospective study comparing mitomycin-C and bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with high-risk bladder cancer. BJU Int, 99(4), 817-20 (2007)
[8]L. Au, D. Zheng, F. Zhou, Z. Y. Li, X. Li and Y. Xia: A quantitative study on the photothermal effect of immuno gold nanocages targeted to breast cancer cells. ACS Nano, 2(8), 1645-52 (2008)
[9]M. Eghtedari, A. V. Liopo, J. A. Copland, A. A. Oraevsky and M. Motamedi: Engineering of hetero-functional gold nanorods for the in vivo molecular targeting of breast cancer cells. Nano Lett, 9(1), 287-91 (2009)
[10]I. H. El-Sayed, X. Huang and M. A. El-Sayed: Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. Cancer Lett, 239(1), 129-35 (2006)
[11]X. H. Huang, I. H. El-Sayed, W. Qian and M. A. El-Sayed: Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(6), 2115-2120 (2006)
[12]F. Y. Cheng, C. T. Chen and C. S. Yeh: Comparative efficiencies of photothermal destruction of malignant cells using antibody-coated silica@Au nanoshells, hollow Au/Ag nanospheres and Au nanorods. Nanotechnology, 20(42), 425104 (2009)
[13]G. R. Reddy, M. S. Bhojani, P. McConville, J. Moody, B. A. Moffat, D. E. Hall, G. Kim, Y. E. Koo, M. J. Woolliscroft, J. V. Sugai, T. D. Johnson, M. A. Philbert, R. Kopelman, A. Rehemtulla and B. D. Ross: Vascular targeted nanoparticles for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 12(22), 6677-86 (2006)
[14]W. Lin, Y. W. Huang, X. D. Zhou and Y. Ma: Toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. Int J Toxicol, 25(6), 451-7 (2006)
[15]I. S. Kim, M. Baek and S. J. Choi: Comparative cytotoxicity of Al2O3, CeO2, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to human lung cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 10(5), 3453-8 (2010)
[16]C. Hanley, J. Layne, A. Punnoose, K. M. Reddy, I. Coombs, A. Coombs, K. Feris and D. Wingett: Preferential killing of cancer cells and activated human T cells using ZnO nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 19(29), 295103 (2008)
[17]Y. M. Huh, Y. W. Jun, H. T. Song, S. Kim, J. S. Choi, J. H. Lee, S. Yoon, K. S. Kim, J. S. Shin, J. S. Suh and J. Cheon: In vivo magnetic resonance detection of cancer by using multifunctional magnetic nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc, 127(35), 12387-91 (2005)
[18]X. Gao, Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. Chung and S. Nie: In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol, 22(8), 969-76 (2004)
[19]Q. Liu, Y. Q. Ge, F. Q. Li, S. X. Zhang, N. Gu, Z. Q. Wang and G. M. Lu: (Biological activity assays and cellular imaging of anti-human sperm protein 17 immunomagnetic nanoparticles). Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 25(11), 987-90 (2009)
[20]H. J. Huisman, J. J. Futterer, E. N. van Lin, A. Welmers, T. W. Scheenen, J. A. van Dalen, A. G. Visser, J. A. Witjes and J. O. Barentsz: Prostate cancer: precision of integrating functional MR imaging with radiation therapy treatment by using fiducial gold markers. Radiology, 236(1), 311-7 (2005)
[21]C. J. Ackerson, M. T. Sykes and R. D. Kornberg: Defined DNA/nanoparticle conjugates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102(38), 13383-5 (2005)
[22]C. H. Chen, Y. J. Wu and J. J. Chen: Gold nanotheranostics: photothermal therapy and imaging of mucin 7 conjugated antibody nanoparticles for urothelial cancer. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 813632 (2015)
[23]G. J. Villares, M. Zigler, K. Blehm, C. Bogdan, D. McConkey, D. Colin and M. Bar-Eli: Targeting EGFR in bladder cancer. World J Urol, 25(6), 573-9 (2007)
[24]M. Kinjo, T. Okegawa, S. Horie, K. Nutahara and E. Higashihara: Detection of circulating MUC7-positive cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in bladder cancer patients. Int J Urol, 11(1), 38-43 (2004)
[25]A. Bhatia, P. Dey, Y. Kumar, U. Gautam, N. Kakkar, R. Srinivasan and R. Nijhawan: Expression of cytokeratin 20 in urine cytology smears: a potential marker for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. Cytopathology, 18(2), 84-6 (2007)
[26]J. Kimling, M. Maier, B. Okenve, V. Kotaidis, H. Ballot and A. Plech: Turkevich method for gold nanoparticle synthesis revisited. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110(32), 15700-15707 (2006)
[27]J. D. Hirsch and R. P. Haugland: Methods in Molecular Biology, vol.295: Immunochemical Protocols Third Edition, 135-154 (2005)
[28]S. Yoshitake, Y. Yamada, E. Ishikawa and R. Masseyeff: Conjugation of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger and rabbit antibodies using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-maleimide. Eur J Biochem, 101(2), 395-9 (1979)
[29]Z. Xiao, T. J. McCallum, K. M. Brown, G. G. Miller, S. B. Halls, I. Parney and R. B. Moore: Characterization of a novel transplantable orthotopic rat bladder transitional cell tumour model. Br J Cancer, 81(4), 638-46 (1999)
[30]W. Lu, S. R. Arumugam, D. Senapati, A. K. Singh, T. Arbneshi, S. A. Khan, H. Yu and P. C. Ray: Multifunctional oval-shaped gold-nanoparticle-based selective detection of breast cancer cells using simple colorimetric and highly sensitive two-photon scattering assay. ACS Nano, 4(3), 1739-49 (2010)
[31]G. von Maltzahn, J. H. Park, A. Agrawal, N. K. Bandaru, S. K. Das, M. J. Sailor and S. N. Bhatia: Computationally guided photothermal tumor therapy using long-circulating gold nanorod antennas. Cancer Res, 69(9), 3892-900 (2009)
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Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
1 Institute of BioMedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
2 Department of Urology, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
Abstract
The aim of this study was to enhance the effectiveness of photo thermal therapy (PTT) in the targeting of superficial bladder cancers using a green light laser in conjunction with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) conjugated to antibody fragments (anti-EGFR). GNPs conjugated with anti-EGFR-antibody fragments were used as probes in the targeting of tumor cells and then exposed to a green laser (532nm), resulting in the production of sufficient thermal energy to kill urothelial carcinomas both in vitro and in vivo. Nanoparticles conjugated with antibody fragments are capable of damaging cancer cells even at relatively very low energy levels, while non-conjugated nanoparticles would require an energy level of 3 times under the same conditions. The lower energy required by the nanoparticles allows this method to destroy cancerous cells while preserving normal cells when applied in vivo. Nanoparticles conjugated with antibody fragments (anti-EGFR) require less than half the energy of non-conjugated nanoparticles to kill cancer cells. In an orthotopic bladder cancer model, the group treated using PTT presented significant differences in tumor development.
Keywords
- Photothermal Therapy
- Gold Nanoparticles
- Urothelial Cancer
- Target Therapy
References
- [1] D. L. Lamm and F. M. Torti: Bladder cancer, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin, 46(2), 93-112 (1996)
- [2] A. Quintero, J. Alvarez-Kindelan, R. J. Luque, R. Gonzalez-Campora, M. J. Requena, R. Montironi and A. Lopez-Beltran: Ki-67 MIB1 labelling index and the prognosis of primary TaT1 urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Clin Pathol, 59(1), 83-8 (2006)
- [3] M. Puntoni, S. Zanardi, D. Branchi, S. Bruno, A. Curotto, M. Varaldo, P. Bruzzi and A. Decensi: Prognostic effect of DNA aneuploidy from bladder washings in superficial bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 16(5), 979-83 (2007)
- [4] Z. Kirkali, T. Chan, M. Manoharan, F. Algaba, C. Busch, L. Cheng, L. Kiemeney, M. Kriegmair, R. Montironi, W. M. Murphy, I. A. Sesterhenn, M. Tachibana and J. Weider: Bladder cancer: epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis. Urology, 66(6 Suppl 1), 4-34 (2005)
- [5] R. J. Sylvester, M. A. Brausi, W. J. Kirkels, W. Hoeltl, F. Calais Da Silva, P. H. Powell, S. Prescott, Z. Kirkali, C. van de Beek, T. Gorlia and T. M. de Reijke: Long-Term Efficacy Results of EORTC Genito-Urinary GroupRandomized Phase 3 Study 30911 Comparing Intravesical Instillations of Epirubicin, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus Isoniazid in Patients with Intermediate-and High-Risk Stage Ta T1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Eur Urol, 57, 766-773 (2010)
- [6] M. D. Shelley, H. Kynaston, J. Court, T. J. Wilt, B. Coles, K. Burgon and M. D. Mason: Asystematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int, 88(3), 209-16 (2001)
- [7] T. Gardmark, S. Jahnson, R. Wahlquist, H. Wijkstrom and P. U. Malmstrom: Analysis of progression and survival after 10 years of a randomized prospective study comparing mitomycin-C and bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with high-risk bladder cancer. BJU Int, 99(4), 817-20 (2007)
- [8] L. Au, D. Zheng, F. Zhou, Z. Y. Li, X. Li and Y. Xia: A quantitative study on the photothermal effect of immuno gold nanocages targeted to breast cancer cells. ACS Nano, 2(8), 1645-52 (2008)
- [9] M. Eghtedari, A. V. Liopo, J. A. Copland, A. A. Oraevsky and M. Motamedi: Engineering of hetero-functional gold nanorods for the in vivo molecular targeting of breast cancer cells. Nano Lett, 9(1), 287-91 (2009)
- [10] I. H. El-Sayed, X. Huang and M. A. El-Sayed: Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. Cancer Lett, 239(1), 129-35 (2006)
- [11] X. H. Huang, I. H. El-Sayed, W. Qian and M. A. El-Sayed: Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(6), 2115-2120 (2006)
- [12] F. Y. Cheng, C. T. Chen and C. S. Yeh: Comparative efficiencies of photothermal destruction of malignant cells using antibody-coated silica@Au nanoshells, hollow Au/Ag nanospheres and Au nanorods. Nanotechnology, 20(42), 425104 (2009)
- [13] G. R. Reddy, M. S. Bhojani, P. McConville, J. Moody, B. A. Moffat, D. E. Hall, G. Kim, Y. E. Koo, M. J. Woolliscroft, J. V. Sugai, T. D. Johnson, M. A. Philbert, R. Kopelman, A. Rehemtulla and B. D. Ross: Vascular targeted nanoparticles for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 12(22), 6677-86 (2006)
- [14] W. Lin, Y. W. Huang, X. D. Zhou and Y. Ma: Toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. Int J Toxicol, 25(6), 451-7 (2006)
- [15] I. S. Kim, M. Baek and S. J. Choi: Comparative cytotoxicity of Al2O3, CeO2, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to human lung cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 10(5), 3453-8 (2010)
- [16] C. Hanley, J. Layne, A. Punnoose, K. M. Reddy, I. Coombs, A. Coombs, K. Feris and D. Wingett: Preferential killing of cancer cells and activated human T cells using ZnO nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 19(29), 295103 (2008)
- [17] Y. M. Huh, Y. W. Jun, H. T. Song, S. Kim, J. S. Choi, J. H. Lee, S. Yoon, K. S. Kim, J. S. Shin, J. S. Suh and J. Cheon: In vivo magnetic resonance detection of cancer by using multifunctional magnetic nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc, 127(35), 12387-91 (2005)
- [18] X. Gao, Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. Chung and S. Nie: In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol, 22(8), 969-76 (2004)
- [19] Q. Liu, Y. Q. Ge, F. Q. Li, S. X. Zhang, N. Gu, Z. Q. Wang and G. M. Lu: (Biological activity assays and cellular imaging of anti-human sperm protein 17 immunomagnetic nanoparticles). Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 25(11), 987-90 (2009)
- [20] H. J. Huisman, J. J. Futterer, E. N. van Lin, A. Welmers, T. W. Scheenen, J. A. van Dalen, A. G. Visser, J. A. Witjes and J. O. Barentsz: Prostate cancer: precision of integrating functional MR imaging with radiation therapy treatment by using fiducial gold markers. Radiology, 236(1), 311-7 (2005)
- [21] C. J. Ackerson, M. T. Sykes and R. D. Kornberg: Defined DNA/nanoparticle conjugates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102(38), 13383-5 (2005)
- [22] C. H. Chen, Y. J. Wu and J. J. Chen: Gold nanotheranostics: photothermal therapy and imaging of mucin 7 conjugated antibody nanoparticles for urothelial cancer. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 813632 (2015)
- [23] G. J. Villares, M. Zigler, K. Blehm, C. Bogdan, D. McConkey, D. Colin and M. Bar-Eli: Targeting EGFR in bladder cancer. World J Urol, 25(6), 573-9 (2007)
- [24] M. Kinjo, T. Okegawa, S. Horie, K. Nutahara and E. Higashihara: Detection of circulating MUC7-positive cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in bladder cancer patients. Int J Urol, 11(1), 38-43 (2004)
- [25] A. Bhatia, P. Dey, Y. Kumar, U. Gautam, N. Kakkar, R. Srinivasan and R. Nijhawan: Expression of cytokeratin 20 in urine cytology smears: a potential marker for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. Cytopathology, 18(2), 84-6 (2007)
- [26] J. Kimling, M. Maier, B. Okenve, V. Kotaidis, H. Ballot and A. Plech: Turkevich method for gold nanoparticle synthesis revisited. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110(32), 15700-15707 (2006)
- [27] J. D. Hirsch and R. P. Haugland: Methods in Molecular Biology, vol.295: Immunochemical Protocols Third Edition, 135-154 (2005)
- [28] S. Yoshitake, Y. Yamada, E. Ishikawa and R. Masseyeff: Conjugation of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger and rabbit antibodies using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of N-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-maleimide. Eur J Biochem, 101(2), 395-9 (1979)
- [29] Z. Xiao, T. J. McCallum, K. M. Brown, G. G. Miller, S. B. Halls, I. Parney and R. B. Moore: Characterization of a novel transplantable orthotopic rat bladder transitional cell tumour model. Br J Cancer, 81(4), 638-46 (1999)
- [30] W. Lu, S. R. Arumugam, D. Senapati, A. K. Singh, T. Arbneshi, S. A. Khan, H. Yu and P. C. Ray: Multifunctional oval-shaped gold-nanoparticle-based selective detection of breast cancer cells using simple colorimetric and highly sensitive two-photon scattering assay. ACS Nano, 4(3), 1739-49 (2010)
- [31] G. von Maltzahn, J. H. Park, A. Agrawal, N. K. Bandaru, S. K. Das, M. J. Sailor and S. N. Bhatia: Computationally guided photothermal tumor therapy using long-circulating gold nanorod antennas. Cancer Res, 69(9), 3892-900 (2009)
