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[1]Hiromatsu Y, Satoh H, Amino N: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: history and future outlook. Hormones (Athens) 12(1):12-8 (2013)
[2]Kumar, Vinay. 24: The Endocrine System. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease (8th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp.1111–205 (2010)
[3]Leese GP, Flynn RV, Jung RT, Macdonald TM, Murphy MJ, Morris AD: Increasing prevalence and incidence of thyroid disease in Tayside, Scotland: the Thyroid Epidemiology Audit and Research Study (TEARS) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68(2):311-6 (2008)
[4]Statistics Korea: Available: http://kosis.kr/Accessed 2 January 2013.
[5]Fabrizio Monaco: Thyroid Diseases. Taylor and Francis. pp.78 (2012)
[6]Kangelaris GT, Kim TB, Orloff LA: Role of ultrasound in thyroid disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 43(6):1209-27, vi (2010)
[7]Reinhardt W, Luster M, Rudorff KH, Heckmann C, Petrasch S, Lederbogen S, et al: Effect of small doses of iodine on thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis residing in an area of mild iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 139(1):23-8 (1998)
[8]Tajiri J: Radioactive iodine therapy for goitrous Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(11):4497-500 (2006)
[9]Siemińska L, Wojciechowska C, Kos-Kudła B, Marek B, Kajdaniuk D, Nowak M, et al: Serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 in postmenopausal women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endokrynol Pol 61(1):112-6 (2010)
[10]Schmidt M, Voell M, Rahlff I, Dietlein M, Kobe C, Faust M, Schicha H: Long-term follow-up of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) treated with levothyroxine. Thyroid 18(7):755-60 (2008)
[11]Iitaka M, Miura S, Yamanaka K, Kawasaki S, Kitahama S, Kawakami Y, et al: Increased serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels and intrathyroidal vascular area in patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(11):3908-12 (1998)
[12]Xiang GD, He YS, Zhao LS, Hou J, Yue L, Xiang HJ: Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial dilation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients with euthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64(6):698-702 (2006)
[13]Xiang G, Xiang L, Xiang L, Wang H, Dong J: Change of plasma osteoprotegerin and its association with endothelial dysfunction before and after exercise in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with euthyroidism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 120(9):529-34 (2012)
[14]Cizmić M, Ignjatović M, Cerović S, Ajdinović B: Coexistence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and papillary thyroidal carcinoma with papillary carcinoma of thyreoglossal duct. Vojnosanit Pregl 64(10):714-8 (2007)
[15]Takashima S, Takayama F, Wang Q, Kobayashi S, Sone S: Thyroid metastasis from rectal carcinoma coexisting with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 26(7):361-5 (1998)
[16]Lo Muzio L, Santarelli A, Campisi G, Lacaita M, Favia G: Possible link between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and oral lichen planus: a novel association found. Clin Oral Investig 17(1):333-6 (2013)
[17]Bozkurt NC, Karbek B, Cakal E, Firat H, Ozbek M, Delibasi T: The association between severity of obstructive sleep apnea and prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr J 59(11):981-8 (2012)
[18]Bozkurt NC, Karbek B, Ucan B, Sahin M, Cakal E, Ozbek M, Delibasi T: The association between severity of vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr Pract 19(3):479-84 (2013)
[19]Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L, Bernasconi S, Betterle C, Borkenstein M, et al: Frequency of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 32(2):121-4 (1995)
[20]Berker D, Aydin Y, Ustun I: The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in subcentimeter thyroid nodules. Thyroid 18:603–608 (2008)
[21]Schmid DT, Kneifel S, Stoeckli SJ, Padberg BC, Merrill G, Goerres GW: Increased 18F-FDG uptake mimicking thyroid cancer in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Eur Radiol 13(9):2119-21 (2003)
[22]Geisinger KR, Hartle EO, Warren T: Eosinophilic replacement infiltrates in cystic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Endocr Pathol 25(3):332-8 (2014)
[23]Mazziotti G(1), Sorvillo F, Iorio S, Carbone A, Romeo A, Piscopo M, et al: Grey-scale analysis allows a quantitative evaluation of thyroid echogenicity in the patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59(2):223-9 (2003)
[24]Zantour B, Sfar MH, Alaya W, Chebbi W, Chatti K, Jerbi S: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and severe hypothyroidism, associated with a single hot nodule. Rev Esp Med Nucl 30(5):317-9 (2011)
[25]Lorini R, Gastaldi R, Traggiai C, Perucchin PP: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 1 Suppl 2:205-11; discussion 211 (2003)
[26]Fink H, Hintze G: Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis): current diagnostics and therapy. Med Klin (Munich) 105(7):485-93 (2010)
[27]Acharya UR, Vinitha Sree S, Mookiah MR, Yantri R, Molinari F, Zieleźnik W, et al: Diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in ultrasound using tissue characterization and pixel classification. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 227(7):788-98 (2013)
[28]Babcock DS: Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography. Pediatr Radiol 36(4):299-308, quiz 372-3 (2006)
[29]Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE: Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 348(26):2646-55 (2003)
[30]Vlachopapadopoulou E, Thomas D, Karachaliou F, Chatzimarkou F, Memalai L, Vakaki M, et al: Evolution of sonographic appearance of the thyroid gland in children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 22(4):339-44 (2009)
[31]Sarikaya B, Demirbilek H, Akata D, Kandemir N: The role of the resistive index in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a sonographic pilot study in children. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 67(11):1253-7 (2012)
[32]Nanan R, Wall JR: Remission of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in a twelve-year-old girl with thyroid changes documented by ultrasonography. Thyroid 20(10):1187-90 (2010)
[33]Zengi A, Karadeniz M, Demirpolat G, Akgun A, Karakose S, Yilmaz C: Hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with scintigraphic and color flow Doppler sonography features mimicking a hot nodule. Intern Med 48(4):231-4 (2009)
[34]Claude Franceschi: L’Investigationvasculaire par ultrasonographiedoppler. Masson. (1978)
[35]Fu X, Guo L, Zhang H, Ran W, Fu P, Li Z, et al: “Focal thyroid inferno” on color Doppler ultrasonography: a specific feature of focal Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Eur J Radiol 81(11):3319-25 (2012)
[36]Fu XS, Li ZQ, Zhang HB, Wang JR: Sonographic features of focal Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 36(3):291-5 (2014)
[37]Thomas T, Sreedharan S, Khadilkar UN, Deviprasad D, Kamath MP, Bhojwani KM, Alva A: Clinical, biochemical & cytomorphologic study on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Indian J Med Res 140(6):729-35 (2014)
[38]Wu H, Zhang B: Ultrasonographic appearance of focal Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A single institution experience. Endocr J 62(7):655-63 (2015)
[39]Onoda N, Kato Y, Seki T, Kurimoto M, Takano K, Ito Y, Sato K: Increased thyroid blood flow in the hypoechoic lesions in patients with recurrent, painful Hashimoto’s thyroiditis at the time of acute exacerbation. Endocr J 56(1):65-72 (2009)
[40]Mousa U, Cuneyd A, Alptekin G: Should neck pain in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis be underestimated? A case and review of the literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 16(3):444-6 (2012)
[41]Su DH, Liao KM, Hsiao YL, Chang TC: Determining when to operate on patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with nodular lesions: the role of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 48(5):622-9 (2004)
[42]Paksoy N, Yazal K: Cervical lymphadenopathy associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: an analysis of 22 cases by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 53(5):491-6 (2009)
[43]Luiz HV, Gonçalves D, Silva TN, Nascimento I, Ribeiro A, Mafra M, et al: IgG4-related Hashimoto’s thyroiditis--a new variant of a well known disease. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 58(8):862-8 (2014)
[44]Vitti P, Rago T, Mazzeo S, Brogioni S, Lampis M, De Liperi A, et al: Thyroid blood flow evaluation by color-flow Doppler sonography distinguishes Graves’ disease from Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 18(11):857-61 (1995)
[45]Anil C, Goksel S, Gursoy A: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules: a single-center prospective study. Thyroid 20(6):601-6 (2010)
[46]Chen J, Wang J: Diagnosis and surgical treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis complicated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (with 51 cases of clinical analysis) Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 24(6):257-60 (2010)
[47]Nabi J: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Associated with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Coincidence or Possible Link. Case Rep Neurol Med 2013:910656 (2013)
[48]Adamczewski Z, Stasiołek M, Dedecjus M, Smolewski P, Lewiński A: Flow cytometry in the differential diagnostics of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and MALT lymphoma of the thyroid. Endokrynol Pol 66(1):73-8 (2015)
[49]González-Colunga KJ, Loya-Solis A, Ceceñas-Falcón LÁ, Barboza-Quintana O, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R: Warthin-Like Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Associated with Lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Case Rep Endocrinol 2015:251898 (2015)
[50]Chen CC, Chen WC, Peng SL, Huang SM: Diffuse sclerosing variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma: diagnostic challenges occur with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Formos Med Assoc 112(6):358-62 (2013)
[51]Matesa-Anić D, Matesa N, Dabelić N, Kusić Z: Coexistence of papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Acta Clin Croat 48(1):9-12 (2009)
[52]Popławska-Kita A, Telejko B, Siewko K, Kościuszko-Zdrodowska M, Wawrusewicz-Kurylonek N, Krętowski A, et al: Decreased Expression of Thyroglobulin and Sodium Iodide Symporter Genes in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol 2014:690704 (2014)
[53]Savli H, Sevinc A, Sari R, Ozen S, Buyukberber S, Ertas E: Occult parathyroid carcinoma in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 24(1):42-4 (2001)
[54]Boi F, Piga M, Loy M, Mariotti S: Hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with scintigraphic and echo-color Doppler features mimicking autonomous adenoma. J Endocrinol Invest 25(5):469-72 (2002)
[55]Cheng V, Brainard J, Nasr C: Co-occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma and primary lymphoma of the thyroid in a patient with long-standing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid 22(6):647-50 (2012)
[56]Liu BJ, Xu HX, Zhang YF, Xu JM, Li DD, et al: Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules with concurrent Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Med Oncol 32(3):50 (2015)
[57]D’Onofrio M, Gallotti A, PozziMucelli R: Virtual Touch tissue quantification: measurement repeatability and normal values in the healthy liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:132–136 (2010)
[58]Gallotti A, D’Onofrio M, PozziMucelli R: Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) technique in ultrasound with virtual touch tissue quantification of the upper abdomen. Radiol Med 115:889–897 (2010)
[59]Han R, Li F, Wang Y, Ying Z, Zhang Y: Virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with coexistent chronic autoimmune Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a preliminary study. Eur J Radiol 84(2):327-31 (2015)
[60]Zhao RN, Zhang B, Yang X, Jiang YX, Lai XJ, Zhu SL, Zhang XY: Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound of thyroid nodules coexisting with hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 37(1):66-70 (2015)
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Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
1 Department of Ultrasound, Suzhou Wuzhong Peoples’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
2 Department of Ultrasound, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated of South-East University, Jiangyin, China
Abstract
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune thyroid disease with an increasing prevalence in the past few decades. The diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis has been traditionally based on clinical presentation, fine needle aspiration, biopsy, and laboratory findings. Here, we discuss the recent advantages of ultrasonography for establishing the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Moreover, ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy is being used more often in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis from other thyroid disorders. Together, ultrasound is emerging as a noninvasive method that with fine-needle aspiration aids in the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Keywords
- Ultrasonography
- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
- Diagnosis
- Review
References
- [1] Hiromatsu Y, Satoh H, Amino N: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: history and future outlook. Hormones (Athens) 12(1):12-8 (2013)
- [2] Kumar, Vinay. 24: The Endocrine System. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease (8th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp.1111–205 (2010)
- [3] Leese GP, Flynn RV, Jung RT, Macdonald TM, Murphy MJ, Morris AD: Increasing prevalence and incidence of thyroid disease in Tayside, Scotland: the Thyroid Epidemiology Audit and Research Study (TEARS) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68(2):311-6 (2008)
- [4] Statistics Korea: Available: http://kosis.kr/Accessed 2 January 2013.
- [5] Fabrizio Monaco: Thyroid Diseases. Taylor and Francis. pp.78 (2012)
- [6] Kangelaris GT, Kim TB, Orloff LA: Role of ultrasound in thyroid disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 43(6):1209-27, vi (2010)
- [7] Reinhardt W, Luster M, Rudorff KH, Heckmann C, Petrasch S, Lederbogen S, et al: Effect of small doses of iodine on thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis residing in an area of mild iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 139(1):23-8 (1998)
- [8] Tajiri J: Radioactive iodine therapy for goitrous Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(11):4497-500 (2006)
- [9] Siemińska L, Wojciechowska C, Kos-Kudła B, Marek B, Kajdaniuk D, Nowak M, et al: Serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 in postmenopausal women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endokrynol Pol 61(1):112-6 (2010)
- [10] Schmidt M, Voell M, Rahlff I, Dietlein M, Kobe C, Faust M, Schicha H: Long-term follow-up of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) treated with levothyroxine. Thyroid 18(7):755-60 (2008)
- [11] Iitaka M, Miura S, Yamanaka K, Kawasaki S, Kitahama S, Kawakami Y, et al: Increased serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels and intrathyroidal vascular area in patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(11):3908-12 (1998)
- [12] Xiang GD, He YS, Zhao LS, Hou J, Yue L, Xiang HJ: Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial dilation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients with euthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64(6):698-702 (2006)
- [13] Xiang G, Xiang L, Xiang L, Wang H, Dong J: Change of plasma osteoprotegerin and its association with endothelial dysfunction before and after exercise in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with euthyroidism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 120(9):529-34 (2012)
- [14] Cizmić M, Ignjatović M, Cerović S, Ajdinović B: Coexistence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and papillary thyroidal carcinoma with papillary carcinoma of thyreoglossal duct. Vojnosanit Pregl 64(10):714-8 (2007)
- [15] Takashima S, Takayama F, Wang Q, Kobayashi S, Sone S: Thyroid metastasis from rectal carcinoma coexisting with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 26(7):361-5 (1998)
- [16] Lo Muzio L, Santarelli A, Campisi G, Lacaita M, Favia G: Possible link between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and oral lichen planus: a novel association found. Clin Oral Investig 17(1):333-6 (2013)
- [17] Bozkurt NC, Karbek B, Cakal E, Firat H, Ozbek M, Delibasi T: The association between severity of obstructive sleep apnea and prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr J 59(11):981-8 (2012)
- [18] Bozkurt NC, Karbek B, Ucan B, Sahin M, Cakal E, Ozbek M, Delibasi T: The association between severity of vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr Pract 19(3):479-84 (2013)
- [19] Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L, Bernasconi S, Betterle C, Borkenstein M, et al: Frequency of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 32(2):121-4 (1995)
- [20] Berker D, Aydin Y, Ustun I: The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in subcentimeter thyroid nodules. Thyroid 18:603–608 (2008)
- [21] Schmid DT, Kneifel S, Stoeckli SJ, Padberg BC, Merrill G, Goerres GW: Increased 18F-FDG uptake mimicking thyroid cancer in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Eur Radiol 13(9):2119-21 (2003)
- [22] Geisinger KR, Hartle EO, Warren T: Eosinophilic replacement infiltrates in cystic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Endocr Pathol 25(3):332-8 (2014)
- [23] Mazziotti G(1), Sorvillo F, Iorio S, Carbone A, Romeo A, Piscopo M, et al: Grey-scale analysis allows a quantitative evaluation of thyroid echogenicity in the patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59(2):223-9 (2003)
- [24] Zantour B, Sfar MH, Alaya W, Chebbi W, Chatti K, Jerbi S: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and severe hypothyroidism, associated with a single hot nodule. Rev Esp Med Nucl 30(5):317-9 (2011)
- [25] Lorini R, Gastaldi R, Traggiai C, Perucchin PP: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 1 Suppl 2:205-11; discussion 211 (2003)
- [26] Fink H, Hintze G: Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis): current diagnostics and therapy. Med Klin (Munich) 105(7):485-93 (2010)
- [27] Acharya UR, Vinitha Sree S, Mookiah MR, Yantri R, Molinari F, Zieleźnik W, et al: Diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in ultrasound using tissue characterization and pixel classification. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 227(7):788-98 (2013)
- [28] Babcock DS: Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography. Pediatr Radiol 36(4):299-308, quiz 372-3 (2006)
- [29] Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE: Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 348(26):2646-55 (2003)
- [30] Vlachopapadopoulou E, Thomas D, Karachaliou F, Chatzimarkou F, Memalai L, Vakaki M, et al: Evolution of sonographic appearance of the thyroid gland in children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 22(4):339-44 (2009)
- [31] Sarikaya B, Demirbilek H, Akata D, Kandemir N: The role of the resistive index in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a sonographic pilot study in children. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 67(11):1253-7 (2012)
- [32] Nanan R, Wall JR: Remission of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in a twelve-year-old girl with thyroid changes documented by ultrasonography. Thyroid 20(10):1187-90 (2010)
- [33] Zengi A, Karadeniz M, Demirpolat G, Akgun A, Karakose S, Yilmaz C: Hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with scintigraphic and color flow Doppler sonography features mimicking a hot nodule. Intern Med 48(4):231-4 (2009)
- [34] Claude Franceschi: L’Investigationvasculaire par ultrasonographiedoppler. Masson. (1978)
- [35] Fu X, Guo L, Zhang H, Ran W, Fu P, Li Z, et al: “Focal thyroid inferno” on color Doppler ultrasonography: a specific feature of focal Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Eur J Radiol 81(11):3319-25 (2012)
- [36] Fu XS, Li ZQ, Zhang HB, Wang JR: Sonographic features of focal Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 36(3):291-5 (2014)
- [37] Thomas T, Sreedharan S, Khadilkar UN, Deviprasad D, Kamath MP, Bhojwani KM, Alva A: Clinical, biochemical & cytomorphologic study on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Indian J Med Res 140(6):729-35 (2014)Cited within: 0Google Scholar
- [38] Wu H, Zhang B: Ultrasonographic appearance of focal Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A single institution experience. Endocr J 62(7):655-63 (2015)
- [39] Onoda N, Kato Y, Seki T, Kurimoto M, Takano K, Ito Y, Sato K: Increased thyroid blood flow in the hypoechoic lesions in patients with recurrent, painful Hashimoto’s thyroiditis at the time of acute exacerbation. Endocr J 56(1):65-72 (2009)
- [40] Mousa U, Cuneyd A, Alptekin G: Should neck pain in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis be underestimated? A case and review of the literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 16(3):444-6 (2012)
- [41] Su DH, Liao KM, Hsiao YL, Chang TC: Determining when to operate on patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with nodular lesions: the role of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 48(5):622-9 (2004)
- [42] Paksoy N, Yazal K: Cervical lymphadenopathy associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: an analysis of 22 cases by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 53(5):491-6 (2009)
- [43] Luiz HV, Gonçalves D, Silva TN, Nascimento I, Ribeiro A, Mafra M, et al: IgG4-related Hashimoto’s thyroiditis--a new variant of a well known disease. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 58(8):862-8 (2014)
- [44] Vitti P, Rago T, Mazzeo S, Brogioni S, Lampis M, De Liperi A, et al: Thyroid blood flow evaluation by color-flow Doppler sonography distinguishes Graves’ disease from Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 18(11):857-61 (1995)
- [45] Anil C, Goksel S, Gursoy A: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules: a single-center prospective study. Thyroid 20(6):601-6 (2010)
- [46] Chen J, Wang J: Diagnosis and surgical treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis complicated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (with 51 cases of clinical analysis) Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 24(6):257-60 (2010)
- [47] Nabi J: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Associated with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Coincidence or Possible Link. Case Rep Neurol Med 2013:910656 (2013)
- [48] Adamczewski Z, Stasiołek M, Dedecjus M, Smolewski P, Lewiński A: Flow cytometry in the differential diagnostics of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and MALT lymphoma of the thyroid. Endokrynol Pol 66(1):73-8 (2015)
- [49] González-Colunga KJ, Loya-Solis A, Ceceñas-Falcón LÁ, Barboza-Quintana O, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R: Warthin-Like Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Associated with Lymphadenopathy and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Case Rep Endocrinol 2015:251898 (2015)
- [50] Chen CC, Chen WC, Peng SL, Huang SM: Diffuse sclerosing variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma: diagnostic challenges occur with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Formos Med Assoc 112(6):358-62 (2013)
- [51] Matesa-Anić D, Matesa N, Dabelić N, Kusić Z: Coexistence of papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Acta Clin Croat 48(1):9-12 (2009)
- [52] Popławska-Kita A, Telejko B, Siewko K, Kościuszko-Zdrodowska M, Wawrusewicz-Kurylonek N, Krętowski A, et al: Decreased Expression of Thyroglobulin and Sodium Iodide Symporter Genes in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol 2014:690704 (2014)
- [53] Savli H, Sevinc A, Sari R, Ozen S, Buyukberber S, Ertas E: Occult parathyroid carcinoma in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 24(1):42-4 (2001)
- [54] Boi F, Piga M, Loy M, Mariotti S: Hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with scintigraphic and echo-color Doppler features mimicking autonomous adenoma. J Endocrinol Invest 25(5):469-72 (2002)
- [55] Cheng V, Brainard J, Nasr C: Co-occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma and primary lymphoma of the thyroid in a patient with long-standing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid 22(6):647-50 (2012)
- [56] Liu BJ, Xu HX, Zhang YF, Xu JM, Li DD, et al: Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules with concurrent Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Med Oncol 32(3):50 (2015)
- [57] D’Onofrio M, Gallotti A, PozziMucelli R: Virtual Touch tissue quantification: measurement repeatability and normal values in the healthy liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:132–136 (2010)
- [58] Gallotti A, D’Onofrio M, PozziMucelli R: Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) technique in ultrasound with virtual touch tissue quantification of the upper abdomen. Radiol Med 115:889–897 (2010)
- [59] Han R, Li F, Wang Y, Ying Z, Zhang Y: Virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with coexistent chronic autoimmune Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a preliminary study. Eur J Radiol 84(2):327-31 (2015)
- [60] Zhao RN, Zhang B, Yang X, Jiang YX, Lai XJ, Zhu SL, Zhang XY: Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound of thyroid nodules coexisting with hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 37(1):66-70 (2015)
