Submit
Search
Submit
Menu

  • Information

  • References

  • Contents

  • [1]I. H. Robertson. Traumatic brain injury: recovery, prediction, and the clinician. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(12 Suppl), S1-2 (2008)

  • [2]E. Park, J. D. Bell and A. J. Baker. Traumatic brain injury: can the consequences be stopped? CMAJ 178(9), 1163-70 (2008)

  • [3]N. Andelic. The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurol 12(1), 28-9 (2012)

  • [4]J. D. Corrigan, A. W. Selassie and J. A. Orman. The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 25(2), 72-80 (2010)

  • [5]H. J. Thompson, W. C. McCormick and S. H. Kagan. Traumatic brain injury in older adults: epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications. J Am Geriatr Soc 54(10), 1590-5 (2006)

  • [6]J. A. Langlois, W. Rutland-Brown and M. M. Wald. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 21(5), 375-8 (2006)

  • [7]J. Englander, D. X. Cifu and R. Diaz-Arrastia. Information/education page. Seizures and traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95(6), 1223-4 (2014)

  • [8]D. Kushner. Mild traumatic brain injury: toward understanding manifestations and treatment. Arch Intern Med 158(15), 1617-24 (1998)

  • [9]W. S. Pearson, D. E. Sugerman, L. C. McGuire and V. G. Coronado. Emergency department visits for traumatic brain injury in older adults in the United States: 2006-08. West J Emerg Med 13(3), 289-93 (2012)

  • [10]W. S. Pearson, F. Ovalle, Jr., M. Faul and S. M. Sasser. A review of traumatic brain injury trauma center visits meeting physiologic criteria from The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Field Triage Guidelines. Prehosp Emerg Care 16(3), 323-8 (2012)

  • [11]J. A. Langlois and R. W. Sattin. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: research and programs of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). J Head Trauma Rehabil 20(3), 187-8 (2005)

  • [12]M. W. Kirkwood, R. L. Peterson, A. K. Connery, D. A. Baker and J. A. Grubenhoff. Postconcussive symptom exaggeration after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics 133(4), 643-50 (2013)

  • [13]L. A. Brenner, B. J. Ivins, K. Schwab, D. Warden, L. A. Nelson, M. Jaffee. Traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and postconcussive symptom reporting among troops returning from iraq. J Head Trauma Rehabil 25(5), 307-12 (2010)

  • [14]H. G. Belanger, T. Kretzmer, R. D. Vanderploeg and L. M. French. Symptom complaints following combat-related traumatic brain injury: relationship to traumatic brain injury severity and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16(1), 194-9 (2009)

  • [15]E. Bay and K. Bergman. Symptom experience and emotional distress after traumatic brain injury. Care Manag J 7(1), 3-9 (2006)

  • [16]J. T. Povlishock. The classification of traumatic brain injury (TBI) for targeted therapies. J Neurotrauma 25(7), 717-8 (2008)

  • [17]A. I. Maas, N. Stocchetti and R. Bullock. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol 7(8), 728-41 (2008)

  • [18]K. E. Saatman, A. C. Duhaime, R. Bullock, A. I. Maas, A. Valadka and G. T. Manley. Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies. J Neurotrauma 25(7), 719-38 (2008)

  • [19]S. N. Bishara, F. M. Partridge, H. P. Godfrey and R. G. Knight. Post-traumatic amnesia and Glasgow Coma Scale related to outcome in survivors in a consecutive series of patients with severe closed-head injury. Brain Inj 6(4), 373-80 (1992)

  • [20]S. C. Choi, R. K. Narayan, R. L. Anderson and J. D. Ward. Enhanced specificity of prognosis in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 69(3), 381-5 (1988)

  • [21]B. J. Zink. Traumatic brain injury outcome: concepts for emergency care. Ann Emerg Med 37(3), 318-32 (2001)

  • [22]J. J. Knapik, R. Steelman, K. Hoedebecke, K. L. Klug, S. Rankin, S. Proctor, B. Graham. Risk factors for closed-head injuries during military airborne operations. Aviat Space Environ Med 85(2), 105-11 (2014)

  • [23]S. E. Morrow and M. Pearson. Management strategies for severe closed head injuries in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 19(4), 279-85 (2010)

  • [24]S. Mehta. Neuroimaging for paediatric minor closed head injuries. Paediatr Child Health 12(6), 482-484 (2007)

  • [25]M. Pachalska, J. Talar, H. Kurzbauer, B. Franczuk, B. Grochmal-Bach and B. D. Macqueen. Differential diagnosis of frontal syndrome in patients with closed-head injuries. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 4(1), 81-7 (2002)

  • [26]M. Castriconi, P. Festa, G. Bartone, M. D. Maglio, L. Vicenzo, D. Papaleo. Penetrating cardiac injuries. Two case reports. Ann Ital Chir 84 (2013)

  • [27]G. A. Grant: Management of penetrating head injuries. lessons learned. World Neurosurg 82(1-2), 25-6 (2013)

  • [28]A. J. Mattson and H. S. Levin. Frontal lobe dysfunction following closed head injury. A review of the literature. J Nerv Ment Dis 178(5), 282-91 (1990)

  • [29]P. V. Bayly, T. S. Cohen, E. P. Leister, D. Ajo, E. C. Leuthardt and G. M. Genin. Deformation of the human brain induced by mild acceleration. J Neurotrauma 22(8), 845-56 (2005)

  • [30]H. Jewsbury and R. Haslett. An unexpected injury--cerebral laceration with stiletto. BMJ Case Rep, 2011 (2011)

  • [31]C. Yang, Q. Li, C. Wu, X. Zan and C. You. Surgical treatment of traumatic multiple intracranial hematomas. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 19(4), 306-11 (2014)

  • [32]P. O. Romodanovskii. (Certain aspects of diffuse axonal injury to the brain in the case of head trauma). Sud Med Ekspert 56(3), 18-20

  • [33]D. H. Smith, D. F. Meaney and W. H. Shull. Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. J Head Trauma Rehabil 18(4), 307-16 (2003)

  • [34]M. F. Kraus, T. Susmaras, B. P. Caughlin, C. J. Walker, J. A. Sweeney and D. M. Little. White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain 130(Pt 10), 2508-19 (2007)

  • [35]G. Mioni, S. Grondin and F. Stablum. Temporal dysfunction in traumatic brain injury patients: primary or secondary impairment? Front Hum Neurosci 8, 269 (2014)

  • [36]M. Smrcka, M. Vidlak, K. Maca, V. Smrcka and R. Gal. The influence of mild hypothermia on ICP, CPP and outcome in patients with primary and secondary brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95, 273-5 (2005)

  • [37]E. Karamanos, P. G. Teixeira, E. Sivrikoz, S. Varga, K. Chouliaras, O. Okoye. Intracranial pressure versus cerebral perfusion pressure as a marker of outcomes in severe head injury: a prospective evaluation. Am J Surg 208(3), 363-71 (2013)

  • [38]R. L. Hayes and C. E. Dixon. Neurochemical changes in mild head injury. Semin Neurol 14(1), 25-31 (1994)

  • [39]B. K. Siesjo. Basic mechanisms of traumatic brain damage. Ann Emerg Med 22(6), 959-69 (1993)

  • [40]X. Zhou, Z. Chen, W. Yun, J. Ren, C. Li and H. Wang. Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptor in Excitotoxicity: Function Revisited. Neuroscientist (2014)

  • [41]H. Quintard, C. Patet, T. Suys, P. Marques-Vidal and M. Oddo. Normobaric Hyperoxia is Associated with Increased Cerebral Excitotoxicity After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care (2014)

  • [42]C. L. Robertson, M. J. Bell, P. M. Kochanek, P. D. Adelson, R. A. Ruppel, J. A. Carcillo. Increased adenosine in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children: association with severity of injury and excitotoxicity. Crit Care Med 29(12), 2287-93 (2001)

  • [43]A. I. Faden, P. Demediuk, S. S. Panter and R. Vink. The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science 244 (4906), 798-800 (1989)

  • [44]E. D. Hall and J. M. Braughler. Central nervous system trauma and stroke. II. Physiological and pharmacological evidence for involvement of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 6(3), 303-13 (1989)

  • [45]J. M. Braughler and E. D. Hall. Central nervous system trauma and stroke. I. Biochemical considerations for oxygen radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 6(3), 289-301 (1989)

  • [46]B. C. White and G. S. Krause. Brain injury and repair mechanisms: the potential for pharmacologic therapy in closed-head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 22(6), 970-9 (1993)

  • [47]C. J. Lowenstein, J. L. Dinerman and S. H. Snyder. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med 120(3), 227-37 (1994)

  • [48]D. S. Bredt and S. H. Snyder. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger molecule. Annu Rev Biochem 63, 175-95 (1994)

  • [49]J. P. Nowicki, D. Duval, H. Poignet and B. Scatton. Nitric oxide mediates neuronal death after focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 204(3), 339-40 (1991)

  • [50]S. Chera, L. Ghila, Y. Wenger and B. Galliot. Injury-induced activation of the MAPK/CREB pathway triggers apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation in hydra head regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 53(2), 186-201 (2011)

  • [51]M. Uzan, H. Erman, T. Tanriverdi, G. Z. Sanus, A. Kafadar and H. Uzun. Evaluation of apoptosis in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148(11), 1157-64; discussion (2006)

  • [52]A. Nagy, K. Eder, M. A. Selak and B. Kalman. Mitochondrial energy metabolism and apoptosis regulation in glioblastoma. Brain Res (2014)

  • [53]P. Nilsson, L. Hillered, U. Ponten and U. Ungerstedt. Changes in cortical extracellular levels of energy-related metabolites and amino acids following concussive brain injury in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10(5), 631-7 (1990)

  • [54]R. S. Clark, J. A. Carcillo, P. M. Kochanek, W. D. Obrist, E. K. Jackson, Z. Mi. Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine concentration and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism after severe head injury in humans. Neurosurgery 41(6), 1284-92; discussion 1292-3 (1997)

  • [55]T. Babikian, M. L. Prins, Y. Cai, G. Barkhoudarian, I. Hartonian, D. A. Hovda. Molecular and physiological responses to juvenile traumatic brain injury: focus on growth and metabolism. Dev Neurosci 32(5-6), 431-41 (2010)

  • [56]R. L. Sutton, D. A. Hovda, P. D. Adelson, E. C. Benzel and D. P. Becker. Metabolic changes following cortical contusion: relationships to edema and morphological changes. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 60, 446-8 (1994)

  • [57]A. Yoshino, D. A. Hovda, T. Kawamata, Y. Katayama and D. P. Becker. Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral conclusion in rats: evidence of a hyper-and subsequent hypometabolic state. Brain Res 561(1), 106-19 (1991)

  • [58]O. P. Gautschi, S. P. Frey and R. Zellweger. (Diagnosis and management of patients with mild traumatic brain injury--an update with recommendations and future perspectives). Praxis (Bern 1994) 96(3), 53-8; discussion 59-60 (2007)

  • [59]K. Tazarourte, A. Atchabahian, J. P. Tourtier, J. S. David, C. Ract, D. Savary. Pre-hospital transcranial Doppler in severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 55(4), 422-8 (2010)

  • [60]K. Teranishi, A. Scultetus, A. Haque, S. Stern, N. Philbin, J. Rice. Traumatic brain injury and severe uncontrolled haemorrhage with short delay pre-hospital resuscitation in a swine model. Injury 43(5), 585-93 (2010)

  • [61]E. von Elm, P. Schoettker, I. Henzi, J. Osterwalder and B. Walder. Pre-hospital tracheal intubation in patients with traumatic brain injury: systematic review of current evidence. Br J Anaesth 103(3), 371-86 (2009)

  • [62]D. C. Engel, A. Mikocka-Walus, P. A. Cameron and M. Maegele. Pre-hospital and in-hospital parameters and outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury: a comparison between German and Australian trauma registries. Injury 41(9), 901-6 (2010)

  • [63]Y. Nakajima. (Diagnosis of higher brain dysfunction after traumatic brain injury). No Shinkei Geka 39(8), 731-42 (2011)

  • [64]G. S. Ling, S. A. Marshall and D. F. Moore. Diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 16(6 Traumatic Brain Injury), 27-40 (2010)

  • [65]C. Malatt, M. Zawaideh, C. Chao, J. R. Hesselink, R. R. Lee and J. Y. Chen. Head Computed Tomography in the Emergency Department: A Collection of Easily Missed Findings that are Life-Threatening or Life-Changing. J Emerg Med 47(6), 646-59 (2014)

  • [66]E. Mihindu, I. Bhullar, J. Tepas and A. Kerwin. Computed tomography of the head in children with mild traumatic brain injury. Am Surg 80(9), 841-3 (2014)

  • [67]A. Hassan and S. Jawad. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head. BMJ 346, f3665 (2013)

  • [68]E. P. Supsupin, Jr. and N. M. Demian. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of head and neck disease. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 26(2), 253-69 (2014)

  • [69]I. K. Moppett. Traumatic brain injury: assessment, resuscitation and early management. Br J Anaesth 99(1), 18-31 (2007)

  • [70]R. J. Nudo. Recovery after brain injury: mechanisms and principles. Front Hum Neurosci 7, 887 (2013)

  • [71]K. P. Budohoski, B. Schmidt, P. Smielewski, M. Kasprowicz, R. Plontke, J. D. Pickard. Non-invasively estimated ICP pulse amplitude strongly correlates with outcome after TBI. Acta Neurochir Suppl 114, 121-5 (2012)

  • [72]S. Shahsavari, T. Hallen, T. McKelvey, C. Ritzen and B. Rydenhag. Normalized power transmission between ABP and ICP in TBI. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009, 4699-703 (2009)

  • [73]A. Wakai, A. McCabe, I. Roberts and G. Schierhout. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8, CD001049 (2005)

  • [74]A. Wakai, I. Roberts and G. Schierhout. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1) CD001049 (2007)

  • [75]L. Turner-Stokes, P. B. Disler, A. Nair and D. T. Wade. Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3), CD004170 (2005)

  • [76]B. Vigue and C. Ract. Treatments and outcome, the point in head trauma. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 33(2), 110-4 (2013)

  • [77]S. S. Bush. Ethical cross-training in head trauma rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil 23(3), 181-4 (2008)

  • [78]E. J. Phipps. Research ethics in head trauma rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil 15(3), 965-8 (2000)

  • [79]D. Langberg. (Rehabilitation in brain injuries--nursing care of patients with acute head trauma). Sygeplejersken 97(23), 12-8 (1997)

  • [80]M. Shakeri, M. R. Boustani, N. Pak, F. Panahi, F. Salehpour, I. Lotfinia: Effect of progesterone administration on prognosis of patients with diffuse axonal injury due to severe head trauma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115(10), 2019-22 (2013)

  • [81]C. Atzema, W. R. Mower, J. R. Hoffman, J. F. Holmes, A. J. Killian and A. B. Wolfson. Prevalence and prognosis of traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage in patients with blunt head trauma. J Trauma 60(5), 1010-7; discussion 1017 (2006)

  • [82]C. Y. Crooks, J. M. Zumsteg and K. R. Bell. Traumatic brain injury: a review of practice management and recent advances. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 18(4), 681-710, vi (2007)

  • [83]A. W. Brown, E. P. Elovic, S. Kothari, S. R. Flanagan and C. Kwasnica. Congenital and acquired brain injury. 1. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognostication, innovative treatments, and prevention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(3 Suppl 1), S3-8 (2008)

  • [84]L. C. Frey. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsia 44 Suppl 10, 11-7 (2003)

Article Metrics

  • Information

  • Download

  • Contents

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.

1 Jun 2016Review

Traumatic brain injury: a review of characteristics, molecular basis and management

Ke Wang 1, Daming Cui 1, Liang Gao 1,*
Affiliation
Article Info

1 Neurosurgical Department, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical cause of hospitalization, disability, and death worldwide. The global increase in the incidence of TBI poses a significant socioeconomic burden. Guidelines for the management of acute TBI mostly pertain to emergency treatment. Comprehensive gene expression analysis is currently available for several animal models of TBI, along with enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms activated during injury and subsequent recovery. The current review focuses on the characteristics, molecular basis and management of TBI.

Keywords

  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Excitotoxicity
  • Intracranial Pressure
  • Diagnosis and Management
  • Review

References