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[1]T Tarver: Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. J Consum Health Internet 16, 366-367 (2012)
[2]A Jemal, R Siegel, E Ward, Y Hao, J Xu, MJ Thun,: Cancer statistics, 2009. CA: CA Cancer J Clin 59, 225-249 (2009)
[3]Seidman, J. D., Kurman, R.: Pathology of ovarian carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 17, 909-925 (2003)
[4]IM Shih, RJ Kurman: Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Pathol, 164, 1511-1518 (2004)
[5]A Cho, VM Howell, EK Colvin: The extracellular matrix in epithelial ovarian cancer–a piece of a puzzle. Front Oncol 5, (2015)
[6]M Cohen, M Dromard, P Petignat: Heat shock proteins in ovarian cancer: a potential target for therapy. Gynecol Oncol, 119, 164-166 (2010).
[7]SC Thomasset, DP Berry, G Garcea, T Marczylo, WP Steward, AJ Gescher: Dietary polyphenolic phytochemicals—promising cancer chemopreventive agents in humans? A review of their clinical properties. Int. J. Cancer, 120, 451-458 (2007)
[8]RL Thangapazham, A Sharma, RK Maheshwari: Multiple molecular targets in cancer chemoprevention by curcumin. AAPS J, 8, E443-E449 (2006)
[9]R Firn: Nature’s Chemicals: The Natural Products that shaped our world. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online(2010)
[10]P Palozza, NI Krinsky: Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro: an overview. Methods Enzymol 213, 403–420(1992)
[11]BJ Burrie: β-Carotene and human health: a review of current research. Nutrition Research 17, 547–580 (1997).
[12]XD Wang, RM Russell: Procarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects of β-carotene. Nutr Rev 57, 263-272 (1999)
[13]PL Crowell, AS Ayoubi, YD Burke: Antitumorigenic effects of limonene and perillyl alcohol against pancreatic and breast cancer. In Dietary Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Springer US 131-136 (1996)
[14]TC Chen, CO Da Fonseca, AH Schönthal: Preclinical development and clinical use of perillyl alcohol for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Am J Cancer Res 5, 1580 (2015)
[15]PL Crowell: Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. J Nutr 129, 775S-778S (1999)
[16]G Francis, Z Kerem, HP Makkar, K Becker: (2002). The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br J Nutr 88, 587-605 (2002)
[17]C Omojate Godstime, O Enwa Felix, O Jewo Augustina, O Eze Christopher: Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens–a review. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2, 77-85 (2014)
[18]M D’Archivio, C Filesi, R Varì, B Scazzocchio, R Masella: Bioavailability of the polyphenols: status and controversies. Int J Mol Sci, 1321-1342 (2010)
[19]G Williamson, C Manach: Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 243S-5S (2005)
[20]MT Huang, T Ferraro: Phenolic compounds in food and cancer prevention. In Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health II: Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention, ACS Symposium Ser. 507, American Chemical Society, Washington,D.C., 8–34 (1992).
[21]VL Sparnins, PL Venogas, LW Wattenberg: Glutathione- S-transferase activity: enhancement by dietary constituents. J. Natl Cancer Inst 66, 769–771 (1982).
[22]JV Higdon, B Delage, DE Williams, RH Dashwood: Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis. Pharmacol Res 55, 224-236 (2007)
[23]M Thomson, M Ali: Garlic [Allium sativum]: a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 3, 67-81(2003)
[24]S Brul, P Coote: Preservative agents in foods: mode of action and microbial resistance mechanisms. Int J Food Microbiol 50, 1-17(1999)
[25]SV Reshetnikov, KK Tan: (2001). Higher basidiomycota as a source of antitumor and immunostimulating polysaccharides (review). Int J Med Mushrooms 3, (2001)
[26]F Bouvier, A Rahier, B Camara: (2005). Biogenesis, molecular regulation and function of plant isoprenoids. Prog Lipid Res 44, 357-429 (2005)
[27]CH MacLean, SJ Newberry, WA Mojica, P Khanna, AM Issa, MJ Suttorp, YW Lim, SB Traina, L Hilton, R Garland, SC Morton: (2006-01-25). ”Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review.” JAMA 295, 403–15 (2006)
[28]P Coates, MR Blackman, GM Cragg, M Levine, J Moss, JD White: Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, New York (2005)
[29]H Kulbe, R Thompson, JL Wilson, S Robinson, T Hagemann, R Fatah, D Gould, A Ayhan, F Balkwill: The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha generates an autocrine tumor-promoting network in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 67, 585-592 (2007)
[30]AB Alvero, MK Montagna, V Craveiro, L Liu, G Mor: Distinct subpopulations of epithelial ovarian cancer cells can differentially induce macrophages and T regulatory cells toward a protumor phenotype. Am J Reprod Immunol, (2011)
[31]H Kulbe, T Hagemann, PW Szlosarek, FR Balkwill, JL Wilson: The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates chemokine receptor expression on ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 65, 10355-10362 (2005).
[32]PP Szotek, R Pieretti-Vanmarcke, PT Masiakos, DM Dinulescu, D Connolly, R Foster, D Dombkowski, F Preffer, DT MacLaughlin, PK Donahoe: Ovarian cancer side population defines cells with stem cell-like characteristics and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 11154-11159 (2006)
[33]J Coward, H Kulbe, P Chakravarty, D Leader, V Vassileva, DA Leinster, R Thompson, T Schioppa, J Nemeth, J Vermeulen, N Singh, N Avril, J Cummings, E Rexhepaj, K Jirstrom, WM Gallagher, DJ Brennan, IA McNeish, FR Balkwill: Interleukin-6 as a therapeutic target in human ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17, 6083-6096 (2011)
[34]Y Wang, XL Niu, Y Qu, J Wu, YQ Zhu, WJ Sun, LZ Li: Autocrine production of interleukin-6 confers cisplatin and paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 295, 110-123 (2010)
[35]CM Annunziata, HT Stavnes, L Kleinberg, A Berner, LF Hernandez, MJ Birrer, SM Steinberg, B Davidson, EC Kohn: Nuclear factor kappaB transcription factors are coexpressed and convey a poor outcome in ovarian cancer. Cancer 116, 3276-3284 (2010)
[36]G Kruppa, B Thoma, T Machleidt, K Wiegmann, M Kronke: Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated NF-kappa B activation by selective blockade of the human 55-kDa TNF receptor. J Immunol 148, 3152-3157 (1992)
[37]S Habtemariam: Natural inhibitors of tumour necrosis factoralpha production, secretion and function. Planta Med 66, 303-313 (2000).
[38]A Gulcubuk, K Altunatmaz, K Sonmez, D Haktanir-Yatkin, H Uzun, A Gurel, S Aydin, S: Effects of curcumin on tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the late phase of experimental acute pancreatitis. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53, 49-54 (2006)
[39]NY Tang, JS Yang, YH Chang, HF Lu, TC Hsia, WC Lin, JG Chung: Effects of wogonin on the levels of cytokines and functions of leukocytes associated with NF-kappa B expression in Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo 20, 527-532 (2006)
[40]S Ahmed, H Marotte, K Kwan, JH Ruth, PL Campbell, BJ Rabquer, A Pakozdi, AE Koch: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits IL-6 synthesis and suppresses transsignaling by enhancing soluble gp130 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105, 14692-14697 (2008)
[41]Y Xu, Y Xue, Y Wang, D Feng, S Lin, L Xu: Multiple-modulation effects of Oridonin on the production of proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors in LPS-activated microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 9, 360-365 (2009)
[42]JH Seo, KJ Jeong, WJ Oh, HJ Sul, JS Sohn, YK Kim, Y Cho do, JK Kang, CG Park, HY Lee: Lysophosphatidic acid induces STAT3 phosphorylation and ovarian cancer cell motility: their inhibition by curcumin. Cancer Lett 288, 50-56 (2010)
[43]AV Gudkov, KV Gurova, EA Komarova: Inflammation and p53: a tale of two stresses. Genes Cancer 2, 503-516 (2011)
[44]A Ventura, DG Kirsch, ME Mclaughlin, DA Tuveson, J Grimm, L Lintault, J Newman, EE Reczek, R Weissleder, T Jacks: Restoration of p53 function leads to tumour regression in vivo. Nature 445, 661-665 (2007)
[45]A Dey, V Tergaonkar, DP Lane: Double-edged swords as cancer therapeutics: simultaneously targeting p53 and NF-kappaB pathways. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7, 1031-1040 (2008)
[46]P Ak, AJ Levine: p53 and NF-kappaB: different strategies for responding to stress lead to a functional antagonism. FASEB J 24(10):3643-3652 (2010)
[47]S Chen, Q Ruan, E Bedner, A Deptala, X Wang, TC Hsieh, F Traganos, Z Darzynkiewicz: Effects of the flavonoid baicalin and its metabolite baicalein on androgen receptor expression, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of prostate cancer cell lines. Cell Proliferat 34, 293-304 (2001)
[48]S Chen: Natural products triggering biological targets — a review of the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals targeting the arachidonic acid pathway in allergy asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Drug Targets 12, 288-301 (2011)
[49]R Shi, Q Huang, X Zhu,YB Ong, B Zhao, J Lu, CN Ong, HM Shen: Luteolin sensitizes the anticancer effect of cisplatin via c- Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated p53 phosphorylation and stabilization. Mol Cancer Ther 6, 1338-1347, (2007)
[50]G Seelinger, I Merfort, U Wolfle, CM Schempp: Anti-carcinogenic effects of the flavonoid luteolin. Molecules 13, 2628-2651 (2008)
[51]S Tanigawa, M Fujii, DX Hou: Stabilization of p53 is involved in quercetin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72, 797-804, (2008)
[52]EM Jung, JH Lim, TJ Lee, JW Park, KS Choi, TK Kwon: Curcumin sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Carcinogenesis 26, 1905-1913(2005)
[53]ME Maldonado-Celis, S Bousserouel, F Gosse, A Lobstein, F Raul: Apple procyanidins activate apoptotic signaling pathway in human colon adenocarcinoma cells by a lipid-raft independent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 388, 372-376 (2009)
[54]A Mantovani, P Romero, AK Palucka, FM Marincola: Tumour immunity: effector response to tumour and role of the microenvironment. Lancet 371, 771-783 (2008)
[55]Y Lin, R Shi, X Wang, HM Shen: Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 8, 634-646, (2008)
[56]DH Lee, JG Rhee, YJ Lee: Reactive oxygen species up-regulate p53 and Puma; a possible mechanism for apoptosis during combined treatment with TRAIL and wogonin. Br J Pharmacol 157, 1189-1202 (2009)
[57]SA Rushworth, O Micheau: Molecular crosstalk between TRAIL and natural antioxidants in the treatment of cancer. BrJ Pharmacol 157, 1186-1188, (2009)
[58]JM Yang, CM Hung, CN Fu, JC Lee, CH Huang, MH Yang, CL Lin, JY Kao, TD Way: Hispidulin sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by AMPK activation leading to Mcl-1 block in translation. J Agric Food Chem 58, 10020-10026 (2010)
[59]RJ Kurman, K Visvanathan, R Roden, TC Wu, IM Shih: Early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer: shifting from early stage to minimal volume of disease based on a new model of carcinogenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198, 351-356 (2008)
[60]RC Bast, Jr BHennessy, GB Mills: The biology of ovarian cancer: new opportunities for translation. Nat Rev Cancer 9, 415-428 (2009).
[61]J Fang, C Xia, Z Cao, JZ Zheng, E Reed, BH Jiang: Apigenin inhibits VEGF and HIF-1 expression via PI3K/AKT/p70S6K1 and HDM2/p53 pathways. FASEB J 19, 342-353 (2005)
[62]SY Park, KJ Jeong, J Lee, DS Yoon, WS Choi, YK Kim, JW Han, YM Kim, BK Kim, HY Lee: Hypoxia enhances LPAinduced HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression: their inhibition by resveratrol. Cancer Lett 258, 63-69 (2007)
[63]H Luo, BH Jiang, SM King, YC Chen: Inhibition of cell growth and VEGF expression in ovarian cancer cells by flavonoids. Nutr Cancer 60, 800-809 (2008)
[64]CM Lin, H Chang, YH Chen, IH Wu, JH Chiu: Wogonin inhibits IL-6-induced angiogenesis via down-regulation of VEGF and VEGFR-1, not VEGFR-2. Planta Med 72, 1305-1310 (2006)
[65]H Luo, MK Daddysman, GO Rankin, BH Jiang, YC Chen: Kaempferol enhances cisplatin’s effect on ovarian cancer cells through promoting apoptosis caused by down regulation of cMyc. Cancer Cell Int 10, 16 (2010)
[66]BH Zhu, HY Chen, WH Zhan, CY Wang, SR Cai, Z Wang, CH Zhang, YL He: (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits VEGF expression induced by IL-6 via Stat3 in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 17, 2315-2325 (2011)
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Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite (FBE) is published by IMR Press from Volume 13 Issue 2 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
1 Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Ovarian cancer ranks 5th among the most common gynecologic cancers and causes the highest mortality in females. Here, we discuss the role of a group of natural products that are being used in treatment and prevention of a host of cancers including ovarian cancer. Some plants and nutraceuticals and their polyphenolic constituents such as flavones, flavonoids, and antioxidants have shown cytotoxic effects on cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. While phytochemicals do not harm normal cells, they have been found to be cytotoxic to cancer cells by virtue of inhibition of proliferation and/or induction of apoptosis, making them ideal in cancer therapeutics or as adjunct to conventional treatment regimens.
Keywords
- Phytochemcials
- Ovarian Carcinoma
- Polyphenols
- Antioxidants
- Apoptosis
- Review
References
- [1] T Tarver: Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. J Consum Health Internet 16, 366-367 (2012)Cited within: 0Google Scholar
- [2] A Jemal, R Siegel, E Ward, Y Hao, J Xu, MJ Thun,: Cancer statistics, 2009. CA: CA Cancer J Clin 59, 225-249 (2009)
- [3] Seidman, J. D., Kurman, R.: Pathology of ovarian carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 17, 909-925 (2003)
- [4] IM Shih, RJ Kurman: Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Pathol, 164, 1511-1518 (2004)
- [5] A Cho, VM Howell, EK Colvin: The extracellular matrix in epithelial ovarian cancer–a piece of a puzzle. Front Oncol 5, (2015)
- [6] M Cohen, M Dromard, P Petignat: Heat shock proteins in ovarian cancer: a potential target for therapy. Gynecol Oncol, 119, 164-166 (2010).
- [7] SC Thomasset, DP Berry, G Garcea, T Marczylo, WP Steward, AJ Gescher: Dietary polyphenolic phytochemicals—promising cancer chemopreventive agents in humans? A review of their clinical properties. Int. J. Cancer, 120, 451-458 (2007)
- [8] RL Thangapazham, A Sharma, RK Maheshwari: Multiple molecular targets in cancer chemoprevention by curcumin. AAPS J, 8, E443-E449 (2006)
- [9] R Firn: Nature’s Chemicals: The Natural Products that shaped our world. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online(2010)
- [10] P Palozza, NI Krinsky: Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro: an overview. Methods Enzymol 213, 403–420(1992)
- [11] BJ Burrie: β-Carotene and human health: a review of current research. Nutrition Research 17, 547–580 (1997).
- [12] XD Wang, RM Russell: Procarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects of β-carotene. Nutr Rev 57, 263-272 (1999)
- [13] PL Crowell, AS Ayoubi, YD Burke: Antitumorigenic effects of limonene and perillyl alcohol against pancreatic and breast cancer. In Dietary Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Springer US 131-136 (1996)
- [14] TC Chen, CO Da Fonseca, AH Schönthal: Preclinical development and clinical use of perillyl alcohol for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Am J Cancer Res 5, 1580 (2015)
- [15] PL Crowell: Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. J Nutr 129, 775S-778S (1999)
- [16] G Francis, Z Kerem, HP Makkar, K Becker: (2002). The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br J Nutr 88, 587-605 (2002)
- [17] C Omojate Godstime, O Enwa Felix, O Jewo Augustina, O Eze Christopher: Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens–a review. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2, 77-85 (2014)
- [18] M D’Archivio, C Filesi, R Varì, B Scazzocchio, R Masella: Bioavailability of the polyphenols: status and controversies. Int J Mol Sci, 1321-1342 (2010)
- [19] G Williamson, C Manach: Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 243S-5S (2005)
- [20] MT Huang, T Ferraro: Phenolic compounds in food and cancer prevention. In Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health II: Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention, ACS Symposium Ser. 507, American Chemical Society, Washington,D.C., 8–34 (1992).Cited within: 0Google Scholar
- [21] VL Sparnins, PL Venogas, LW Wattenberg: Glutathione- S-transferase activity: enhancement by dietary constituents. J. Natl Cancer Inst 66, 769–771 (1982).
- [22] JV Higdon, B Delage, DE Williams, RH Dashwood: Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis. Pharmacol Res 55, 224-236 (2007)
- [23] M Thomson, M Ali: Garlic [Allium sativum]: a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 3, 67-81(2003)
- [24] S Brul, P Coote: Preservative agents in foods: mode of action and microbial resistance mechanisms. Int J Food Microbiol 50, 1-17(1999)
- [25] SV Reshetnikov, KK Tan: (2001). Higher basidiomycota as a source of antitumor and immunostimulating polysaccharides (review). Int J Med Mushrooms 3, (2001)
- [26] F Bouvier, A Rahier, B Camara: (2005). Biogenesis, molecular regulation and function of plant isoprenoids. Prog Lipid Res 44, 357-429 (2005)
- [27] CH MacLean, SJ Newberry, WA Mojica, P Khanna, AM Issa, MJ Suttorp, YW Lim, SB Traina, L Hilton, R Garland, SC Morton: (2006-01-25). ”Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review.” JAMA 295, 403–15 (2006)
- [28] P Coates, MR Blackman, GM Cragg, M Levine, J Moss, JD White: Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, New York (2005)
- [29] H Kulbe, R Thompson, JL Wilson, S Robinson, T Hagemann, R Fatah, D Gould, A Ayhan, F Balkwill: The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha generates an autocrine tumor-promoting network in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 67, 585-592 (2007)
- [30] AB Alvero, MK Montagna, V Craveiro, L Liu, G Mor: Distinct subpopulations of epithelial ovarian cancer cells can differentially induce macrophages and T regulatory cells toward a protumor phenotype. Am J Reprod Immunol, (2011)
- [31] H Kulbe, T Hagemann, PW Szlosarek, FR Balkwill, JL Wilson: The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates chemokine receptor expression on ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 65, 10355-10362 (2005).
- [32] PP Szotek, R Pieretti-Vanmarcke, PT Masiakos, DM Dinulescu, D Connolly, R Foster, D Dombkowski, F Preffer, DT MacLaughlin, PK Donahoe: Ovarian cancer side population defines cells with stem cell-like characteristics and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 11154-11159 (2006)
- [33] J Coward, H Kulbe, P Chakravarty, D Leader, V Vassileva, DA Leinster, R Thompson, T Schioppa, J Nemeth, J Vermeulen, N Singh, N Avril, J Cummings, E Rexhepaj, K Jirstrom, WM Gallagher, DJ Brennan, IA McNeish, FR Balkwill: Interleukin-6 as a therapeutic target in human ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17, 6083-6096 (2011)
- [34] Y Wang, XL Niu, Y Qu, J Wu, YQ Zhu, WJ Sun, LZ Li: Autocrine production of interleukin-6 confers cisplatin and paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 295, 110-123 (2010)
- [35] CM Annunziata, HT Stavnes, L Kleinberg, A Berner, LF Hernandez, MJ Birrer, SM Steinberg, B Davidson, EC Kohn: Nuclear factor kappaB transcription factors are coexpressed and convey a poor outcome in ovarian cancer. Cancer 116, 3276-3284 (2010)
- [36] G Kruppa, B Thoma, T Machleidt, K Wiegmann, M Kronke: Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated NF-kappa B activation by selective blockade of the human 55-kDa TNF receptor. J Immunol 148, 3152-3157 (1992)
- [37] S Habtemariam: Natural inhibitors of tumour necrosis factoralpha production, secretion and function. Planta Med 66, 303-313 (2000).
- [38] A Gulcubuk, K Altunatmaz, K Sonmez, D Haktanir-Yatkin, H Uzun, A Gurel, S Aydin, S: Effects of curcumin on tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the late phase of experimental acute pancreatitis. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53, 49-54 (2006)
- [39] NY Tang, JS Yang, YH Chang, HF Lu, TC Hsia, WC Lin, JG Chung: Effects of wogonin on the levels of cytokines and functions of leukocytes associated with NF-kappa B expression in Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo 20, 527-532 (2006)
- [40] S Ahmed, H Marotte, K Kwan, JH Ruth, PL Campbell, BJ Rabquer, A Pakozdi, AE Koch: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits IL-6 synthesis and suppresses transsignaling by enhancing soluble gp130 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105, 14692-14697 (2008)
- [41] Y Xu, Y Xue, Y Wang, D Feng, S Lin, L Xu: Multiple-modulation effects of Oridonin on the production of proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors in LPS-activated microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 9, 360-365 (2009)
- [42] JH Seo, KJ Jeong, WJ Oh, HJ Sul, JS Sohn, YK Kim, Y Cho do, JK Kang, CG Park, HY Lee: Lysophosphatidic acid induces STAT3 phosphorylation and ovarian cancer cell motility: their inhibition by curcumin. Cancer Lett 288, 50-56 (2010)
- [43] AV Gudkov, KV Gurova, EA Komarova: Inflammation and p53: a tale of two stresses. Genes Cancer 2, 503-516 (2011)
- [44] A Ventura, DG Kirsch, ME Mclaughlin, DA Tuveson, J Grimm, L Lintault, J Newman, EE Reczek, R Weissleder, T Jacks: Restoration of p53 function leads to tumour regression in vivo. Nature 445, 661-665 (2007)
- [45] A Dey, V Tergaonkar, DP Lane: Double-edged swords as cancer therapeutics: simultaneously targeting p53 and NF-kappaB pathways. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7, 1031-1040 (2008)
- [46] P Ak, AJ Levine: p53 and NF-kappaB: different strategies for responding to stress lead to a functional antagonism. FASEB J 24(10):3643-3652 (2010)
- [47] S Chen, Q Ruan, E Bedner, A Deptala, X Wang, TC Hsieh, F Traganos, Z Darzynkiewicz: Effects of the flavonoid baicalin and its metabolite baicalein on androgen receptor expression, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of prostate cancer cell lines. Cell Proliferat 34, 293-304 (2001)
- [48] S Chen: Natural products triggering biological targets — a review of the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals targeting the arachidonic acid pathway in allergy asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Drug Targets 12, 288-301 (2011)
- [49] R Shi, Q Huang, X Zhu,YB Ong, B Zhao, J Lu, CN Ong, HM Shen: Luteolin sensitizes the anticancer effect of cisplatin via c- Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated p53 phosphorylation and stabilization. Mol Cancer Ther 6, 1338-1347, (2007)
- [50] G Seelinger, I Merfort, U Wolfle, CM Schempp: Anti-carcinogenic effects of the flavonoid luteolin. Molecules 13, 2628-2651 (2008)
- [51] S Tanigawa, M Fujii, DX Hou: Stabilization of p53 is involved in quercetin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72, 797-804, (2008)
- [52] EM Jung, JH Lim, TJ Lee, JW Park, KS Choi, TK Kwon: Curcumin sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Carcinogenesis 26, 1905-1913(2005)
- [53] ME Maldonado-Celis, S Bousserouel, F Gosse, A Lobstein, F Raul: Apple procyanidins activate apoptotic signaling pathway in human colon adenocarcinoma cells by a lipid-raft independent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 388, 372-376 (2009)
- [54] A Mantovani, P Romero, AK Palucka, FM Marincola: Tumour immunity: effector response to tumour and role of the microenvironment. Lancet 371, 771-783 (2008)
- [55] Y Lin, R Shi, X Wang, HM Shen: Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 8, 634-646, (2008)
- [56] DH Lee, JG Rhee, YJ Lee: Reactive oxygen species up-regulate p53 and Puma; a possible mechanism for apoptosis during combined treatment with TRAIL and wogonin. Br J Pharmacol 157, 1189-1202 (2009)
- [57] SA Rushworth, O Micheau: Molecular crosstalk between TRAIL and natural antioxidants in the treatment of cancer. BrJ Pharmacol 157, 1186-1188, (2009)
- [58] JM Yang, CM Hung, CN Fu, JC Lee, CH Huang, MH Yang, CL Lin, JY Kao, TD Way: Hispidulin sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by AMPK activation leading to Mcl-1 block in translation. J Agric Food Chem 58, 10020-10026 (2010)
- [59] RJ Kurman, K Visvanathan, R Roden, TC Wu, IM Shih: Early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer: shifting from early stage to minimal volume of disease based on a new model of carcinogenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198, 351-356 (2008)
- [60] RC Bast, Jr BHennessy, GB Mills: The biology of ovarian cancer: new opportunities for translation. Nat Rev Cancer 9, 415-428 (2009).
- [61] J Fang, C Xia, Z Cao, JZ Zheng, E Reed, BH Jiang: Apigenin inhibits VEGF and HIF-1 expression via PI3K/AKT/p70S6K1 and HDM2/p53 pathways. FASEB J 19, 342-353 (2005)
- [62] SY Park, KJ Jeong, J Lee, DS Yoon, WS Choi, YK Kim, JW Han, YM Kim, BK Kim, HY Lee: Hypoxia enhances LPAinduced HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression: their inhibition by resveratrol. Cancer Lett 258, 63-69 (2007)
- [63] H Luo, BH Jiang, SM King, YC Chen: Inhibition of cell growth and VEGF expression in ovarian cancer cells by flavonoids. Nutr Cancer 60, 800-809 (2008)
- [64] CM Lin, H Chang, YH Chen, IH Wu, JH Chiu: Wogonin inhibits IL-6-induced angiogenesis via down-regulation of VEGF and VEGFR-1, not VEGFR-2. Planta Med 72, 1305-1310 (2006)
- [65] H Luo, MK Daddysman, GO Rankin, BH Jiang, YC Chen: Kaempferol enhances cisplatin’s effect on ovarian cancer cells through promoting apoptosis caused by down regulation of cMyc. Cancer Cell Int 10, 16 (2010)
- [66] BH Zhu, HY Chen, WH Zhan, CY Wang, SR Cai, Z Wang, CH Zhang, YL He: (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits VEGF expression induced by IL-6 via Stat3 in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 17, 2315-2325 (2011)
