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[1]J Cleveland, TJ Montville, IF Nes, ML Chikindas: Bacteriocins: safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Int J Food Microbiol, 71, 1-20, (2001)
[2]T Abee, L Krockel, C Hill: Bacteriocins: modes of action and potentials in food preservation and control of food poisoning. Int J Food Microbiol 28, 169–185, (1995)
[3]J. Delves-Broughton, P Blackburn, RJ Evans, J Hugenholtz: Applications of the bacteriocin, nisin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 69, 193–202, (1996)
[4]S Wessels, B Jelle, I Nes: Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Report of the Danish Toxicology Centre, Denmark (1998)
[5]B Sánchez, MC Urdaci, A Margolles: Extracellular proteins secreted by probiotic bacteria as mediators of effects that promote mucosa-bacteria interactions. Microbiology, 156, 3232-3342 (2010)
[6]OL Franco: Peptide promiscuity: an evolutionary concept for plant defense. FEBS Lett, 585, 995-1000, (2011)
[7]A Roy, OL Franco, SM Mandal: Biomedical exploitation of self assembled peptide based nanostructures. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 14, 580-587, (2013)
[8]A Roy, D Mahata, D Paul, S Korpole, OL Franco, SM Mandal: Purification, biochemical characterization and self-assembled structure of a fengycin-like antifungal peptide from Bacillus thuringiensis strain SM1. Front Microbiol, 21, 4, 332, (2013)
[9]G Barbarella, F Di Maria: Supramolecular Oligothiophene Microfibers Spontaneously Assembled on Surfaces or Coassembled with Proteins inside Live Cells. Acc Chem Res. 18, 48, 2230-2341, (2015)
[10]I Adkins, J Holubova, M Kosova, L Sadilkova: Bacteria and their toxins tamed for immunotherapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 13, 1446-1473 (2012)
[11]WB Whitman, DC Coleman, WJ Wiebe: Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 6578-6583, (1998)
[12]F Backhed, RE Ley, JL Sonnenburg, DA Peterson, JI Gordon: Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307, 1915-1920, (2005)
[13]TD Lawley, AW Walker: Intestinal colonization resistance. Immunology 138, 1–11, (2013)
[14]S Rakoff-Nahoum, J Paglino, F Eslami-Varzaneh, S Edberg, R Medzhitov: Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell, 118, 229–241, (2004)
[15]JL Kubinak, JL Round: Toll-Like Receptors Promote Mutually Beneficial Commensal-Host Interactions. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002785, (2012)
[16]CL Bevins, NH Salzman: Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol, 9, 356-368, (2011)
[17]JR Mastroianni, AJ Ouellette: Alpha-defensins in enteric innate immunity: functional Paneth cell alpha-defensins in mouse colonic lumen. J Biol Chem, 9, 284, 27848-56, (2009)
[18]SC Yang, CH Lin, TS Calvin, JY Fang: Antibacterial activities of bacteriocins: application in foods and pharmaceuticals. Front Microbiol, 5, 241, (2014)
[19]WH Van der Putten, JN Klironomos, DA Wardle: Microbial ecology of biological invasions. The ISME J, 1, 28–37, (2007)
[20]F Bottacini, M Ventura, D van Sinderen, M O’Connell: Motherway, Diversity, ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria. Microb Cell Fact, 13, S1-S4 (2014)
[21]L Ruiz, A Margolles, S Borza: Bile resistance mechanisms in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Front Microbiol, 4, 396, (2013)
[22]CH Pohl, JLF Kock, VS Thibane: Antimicrobial compounds produced by Bacillus spp. and applications in food. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.) (2015)
[23]EA Svetoch, BV Eruslanov, VV Perelygin, EV Mitsevich, IP Mitsevich, VN Borzenkov, VP Levchuk, OE Svetoch, YN Kovalev, YG Stepanshin, GR Siragusa, B S Seal, NJ Stern: Diverse antimicrobial killing by Enterococcus faecium E 50-52 bacteriocin. J Agric Food Chem. 26, 56, 1942-1948, (2008)
[24]CH Pohl, JLF Kock, VS Thibane: Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances. A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.) (2015)
[25]MV Lakhtin, A Lakhtin, A Aleshkin, A. Bajrakova, S. Afanasiev, V Aleshkin: Lectin systems imitating probiotics: Potential for biotechnology and medical microbiology. In: Rigobelo EC, editor. Probiotics 2012. New York: InTech; p. 417 – 32, (2012)
[26]SM Mandal, ON Silva, OL Franco: Recombinant probiotics with antimicrobial peptides: a dual strategy to improve immune response in immunocompromised patients. Drug Discov Today, 19, 1045-1050, (2014)
[27]MF Bachmann, GT Jennings: Vaccine delivery: a matter of size, geometry, kinetics and molecular patterns. Nat Rev Immunol, 10, 787-796, (2010)
[28]ME Bianchi: DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger. J Leukoc Biol, 81, 1-5, (2007)
[29]NI Torres, KS Noll, S Xu, J Li, Q Huang, PJ Sinko, MB Wachsman, ML Chikindas: Safety, formulation, and in vitro antiviral activity of the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against herpes simplex virus type 1. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 5, 26-35, (2013)
[30]DK Podolsky: Inflammatory bowel disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 41 7-429 (2002)
[31]E Owaga, RH Hsieh, B Mugendi, S Masuku, CK Shih, JS Chang: Th17 Cells as Potential Probiotic Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 16, 20841-20858, (2015)
[32]DW Lescheid: Probiotics as regulators of inflammation: A review. Funct Food Health Dis, 4, 299-311,(2014)
[33]C Hoarau, L Martin, D Faugaret, C Baron, A Dauba, CA Jacquin, F Velge-Roussel, Y Lebranchu: Supernatant from Bifidobacterium differentially modulates transduction signaling pathways for biological functions of human dendritic cells. PLoS ONE, 3, e2753, (2008)
[34]Ren, T., D. S. Zamboni, C. R. Roy, W. F. Dietrich and R. E. Vance: Flagellin-deficient Legionella mutants evade caspase-1- and Naip5-mediated macrophage immunity. PLoS Pathog, 2, e18, (2006)
[35]FH Yan, TL Cao, TL Cover, R Whitehead, MK Washington, DB Polk: Soluble proteins produced by probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell survival and growth. Gastroenterology, 132, 562–575, (2007)
[36]SR Konstantinov, H Smidt, WM de Vos, SC Bruijns, SK Singh, F Valence, D Molle, S Lortal, E Altermann: S layer protein A of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM regulates immature dendritic cell and T cell functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 19474–19479 (2008)
[37]E Bellaguarda, EB Chang: IBD and the gut microbiota--from bench to personalized medicine. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 17,
[38]R Kort: Personalized therapy with probiotics from the host by TripleA. Trends Biotechnol, 32, 291-293 (2014)
[39]L Simon, C Fremaux, Y Cenatiempo, JM Berjeaud: Sakacin G, a new type of antilisterial bacteriocin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68, 6416-6420, (2002)
[40]Turovskiy Y, RD Ludescher, AA Aroutcheva, S Faro, ML Chikindas: Lactocin 160, a Bacteriocin Produced by Vaginal Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Targets Cytoplasmic Membranes of the Vaginal Pathogen, Gardnerella vaginalis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 20,1, 67-74, (2009)
[41]PA Wescombe, M Upton, KP Dierksen, NL Ragland, S Sivabalan, RE Wirawan, MA Inglis, CJ Moore, GV Walker, CN Chilcott, HF Jenkinson, JR Tagg: Production of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its variants by oral streptococci and use of a specific induction assay to detect their presence in human saliva. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72,1459-1466, (2006)
[42]EA Svetoch, BV Eruslanov, VV Perelygin, EV Mitsevich, IP Mitsevich, VN Borzenkov, VP Levchuk, OE Svetoch, YN Kovalev, YG Stepanshin, GR Siragusa, BS Seal, NJ Stern: Diverse antimicrobial killing by Enterococcus faecium E 50-52 bacteriocin. J Agric Food Chem. 26, 56, 1942-1948, (2008)
[43]RM Duar, KJ Clark, PB Patil, C Hernández, S Brüning, TE Burkey, N Madayiputhiya, SL Taylor, J Walter: Identification and characterization of intestinal lactobacilli strains capable of degrading immunotoxicpeptides present in gluten. J Appl Microbiol. 118, 515-27, (2015)
[44]L Zhang, P Su, A Henriksson, J O’Rourke, H Mitchell: Investigation of the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium lactis on Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 13, 183-190, (2008)
[45]A Ushiyama, K Tanaka, Y Aiba, T Shiba, A Takagi, T Mine, Y Koga: Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 as a probiotic in clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pyloriinfection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 18, 986-991, (2003)
[46]YJ Yang, CC Chuang, HB Yang, CC Lu, BS Sheu: Lactobacillus acidophilus ameliorates H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation by inactivating the Smad7 and NFκB pathways. BMC Microbiol. 19,12, 38, (2012)
[47]Q Tan, H Xu, T Chen, P Li, ZP Aguilar, D Xu, X Ming, F Xu, H Wei: Differential expression of virulence and stress fitness genes during interaction between Listeria monocytogenes and Bifidobacterium longum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 76, 699-704 (2012)
[48]B Sa´nchez, MC Urdaci: Extracellular proteins secreted by probiotic bacteria as mediators of effects that promote mucosa– bacteria interactions and Abelardo margolles. Microbiology, 156, 3232–3242 (2010)
[49]C Hoarau, C Lagaraine, L Martin, F Velge-Roussel, Y Lebranchu: Supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve induces dendritic cell maturation, activation, and survival through a Toll-like receptor 2 pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 117, 696-702, (2006)
[50]R Lu, S Fasano, N Madayiputhiya, NP Morin, J Nataro, A Fasano: Isolation, identification, and characterization of small bioactive peptides from Lactobacillus GG conditional media that exert both anti-Gram-negative and Gram-positive bactericidal activity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 49, 23-30, (2009)
[51]M Hausmann: How Bacteria-Induced Apoptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Contributes to Mucosal Inflammation. Int J Inflam, 6, 574568, (2010)
[52]A Borthakur, RK Gill, S Tyagi, A Koutsouris, WA Alrefai, GA Hecht, K Ramaswamy, PK Dudeja: TheProbiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus Stimulates Chloride/Hydroxyl Exchange Activity in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Nutr, 138, 1355-1359, (2008)
[53]VL Moal, AL Servin: Anti-Infective Activities of Lactobacillus Strains in the Human Intestinal Microbiota: from Probiotics to Gastrointestinal Anti-Infectious Biotherapeutic Agents. Clin Microbiol Rev, 27, 167–199, (2014)
[54]N Horn, MI Martínez, JM Martínez, PE Hernández, MJ Gasson, JM Rodríguez, HM Dodd: Production of Pediocin PA-1 by Lactococcus lactis Using the Lactococcin A Secretory Apparatus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64, 818–823, (1998)
[55]YH Chiu, Y-C Lu, C-C Ou, S-L Lin, C-C Tsai, C-T Huang, M-Y Lin: Lactobacillus plantarum MYL26 induces endotoxin tolerance phenotype in Caco-2 cells. BMC Microbiol, 13, 190 (2013)
[56]S Kandasamy, KS Chattha, AN Vlasova, G Rajashekara, LJ Saif: Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Gut Microbes, 5, 639-651 (2014)
[57]E Chenoll, B Casinos, E Bataller, P Astals, J Echevarría, JR Iglesias, P Balbarie, D Ramón, S Genovés: Novel Probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 7366 Strain Active against the Pathogenic Bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77, 1335–1343 (2011)
[58]M Parapouli, C Delbès-Paus, A Kakouri, A-I Koukkou, M-C Montel, J Samelis: Characterization of a Wild, Novel Nisin A-Producing Lactococcus Strain with an L. lactis subsp. cremoris Genotype and an L.lactis subsp. lactis Phenotype, Isolated from Greek Raw Milk. Appl Environ Microbiol. 79, 3476–3484, (2013)
[59]ME Janes, R Nannapaneni, A Proctor, MG Johnson: Rice Hull Ash and Silicic Acid as Adsorbents for Concentration of Bacteriocins. Appl Environ Microbiol, 64, 4403–4409, (1998)
[60]KI Garver, PM Muriana: Purification and partial amino acid sequence of curvaticin FS47, a heat-stable bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus curvatusFS47. Appl Environ Microbiol, 60, 2191–2195, (1994)
[61]J Verluyten, F Leroy, L Vuyst: Influence of Complex Nutrient Source on Growth of and Curvacin A Production by Sausage Isolate Lactobacillus curvatus LTH 1174. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, 5081–5088, (2004)
[62]AL Kaiser, TJ Montville: Purification of the bacteriocin bavaricin MN and characterization of its mode of action against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A cells and lipid vesicles. Appl Environ Microbiol, 62, 4529–4535, (1996)
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Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite (FBE) is published by IMR Press from Volume 13 Issue 2 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
1 Anti-Infective Research Lab., Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, WB, India
2 Department of Biotechnology, North Bengal University, Siliguri- 734013, Darjeeling, India
3 Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Graduate Program in Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora–MG, 36036-900, Brazil
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Probiotics are unique bacteria that offer several therapeutic benefits to human beings when administered in optimum amounts. Probiotics are able to produce antimicrobial substances, which stimulate the body’s immune responses. Here, we review in detail the anti-infective peptides derived from probiotics and their potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities, including a major role in cross-talk between probiotics and gut microbiota under adverse conditions. Insights from the engineered cell surface of probiotics may provide novel anti-infective therapy by heterologous expression of receptor peptides of bacterial toxins. It may be possible to use antigenic peptides from viral pathogens as live vaccines. Another possibility is to generate antiviral peptides that bind directly to virus particles, while some peptides exert anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Some extracellular polymeric substances might serve as anti-infective peptides. These avenues of treatment have remained largely unexplored to date, despite their potential in generating powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-infective products.
Keywords
- Probiotics
- Anti-Infective Peptides
- Heterologous Expression
- Bacterial Surface Engineered
- Review
References
- [1] J Cleveland, TJ Montville, IF Nes, ML Chikindas: Bacteriocins: safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Int J Food Microbiol, 71, 1-20, (2001)
- [2] T Abee, L Krockel, C Hill: Bacteriocins: modes of action and potentials in food preservation and control of food poisoning. Int J Food Microbiol 28, 169–185, (1995)
- [3] J. Delves-Broughton, P Blackburn, RJ Evans, J Hugenholtz: Applications of the bacteriocin, nisin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 69, 193–202, (1996)
- [4] S Wessels, B Jelle, I Nes: Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Report of the Danish Toxicology Centre, Denmark (1998)
- [5] B Sánchez, MC Urdaci, A Margolles: Extracellular proteins secreted by probiotic bacteria as mediators of effects that promote mucosa-bacteria interactions. Microbiology, 156, 3232-3342 (2010)
- [6] OL Franco: Peptide promiscuity: an evolutionary concept for plant defense. FEBS Lett, 585, 995-1000, (2011)
- [7] A Roy, OL Franco, SM Mandal: Biomedical exploitation of self assembled peptide based nanostructures. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 14, 580-587, (2013)
- [8] A Roy, D Mahata, D Paul, S Korpole, OL Franco, SM Mandal: Purification, biochemical characterization and self-assembled structure of a fengycin-like antifungal peptide from Bacillus thuringiensis strain SM1. Front Microbiol, 21, 4, 332, (2013)
- [9] G Barbarella, F Di Maria: Supramolecular Oligothiophene Microfibers Spontaneously Assembled on Surfaces or Coassembled with Proteins inside Live Cells. Acc Chem Res. 18, 48, 2230-2341, (2015)
- [10] I Adkins, J Holubova, M Kosova, L Sadilkova: Bacteria and their toxins tamed for immunotherapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 13, 1446-1473 (2012)
- [11] WB Whitman, DC Coleman, WJ Wiebe: Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 6578-6583, (1998)
- [12] F Backhed, RE Ley, JL Sonnenburg, DA Peterson, JI Gordon: Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307, 1915-1920, (2005)
- [13] TD Lawley, AW Walker: Intestinal colonization resistance. Immunology 138, 1–11, (2013)
- [14] S Rakoff-Nahoum, J Paglino, F Eslami-Varzaneh, S Edberg, R Medzhitov: Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell, 118, 229–241, (2004)
- [15] JL Kubinak, JL Round: Toll-Like Receptors Promote Mutually Beneficial Commensal-Host Interactions. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002785, (2012)
- [16] CL Bevins, NH Salzman: Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol, 9, 356-368, (2011)
- [17] JR Mastroianni, AJ Ouellette: Alpha-defensins in enteric innate immunity: functional Paneth cell alpha-defensins in mouse colonic lumen. J Biol Chem, 9, 284, 27848-56, (2009)
- [18] SC Yang, CH Lin, TS Calvin, JY Fang: Antibacterial activities of bacteriocins: application in foods and pharmaceuticals. Front Microbiol, 5, 241, (2014)
- [19] WH Van der Putten, JN Klironomos, DA Wardle: Microbial ecology of biological invasions. The ISME J, 1, 28–37, (2007)
- [20] F Bottacini, M Ventura, D van Sinderen, M O’Connell: Motherway, Diversity, ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria. Microb Cell Fact, 13, S1-S4 (2014)
- [21] L Ruiz, A Margolles, S Borza: Bile resistance mechanisms in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Front Microbiol, 4, 396, (2013)
- [22] CH Pohl, JLF Kock, VS Thibane: Antimicrobial compounds produced by Bacillus spp. and applications in food. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.) (2015)
- [23] EA Svetoch, BV Eruslanov, VV Perelygin, EV Mitsevich, IP Mitsevich, VN Borzenkov, VP Levchuk, OE Svetoch, YN Kovalev, YG Stepanshin, GR Siragusa, B S Seal, NJ Stern: Diverse antimicrobial killing by Enterococcus faecium E 50-52 bacteriocin. J Agric Food Chem. 26, 56, 1942-1948, (2008)
- [24] CH Pohl, JLF Kock, VS Thibane: Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances. A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.) (2015)
- [25] MV Lakhtin, A Lakhtin, A Aleshkin, A. Bajrakova, S. Afanasiev, V Aleshkin: Lectin systems imitating probiotics: Potential for biotechnology and medical microbiology. In: Rigobelo EC, editor. Probiotics 2012. New York: InTech; p. 417 – 32, (2012)
- [26] SM Mandal, ON Silva, OL Franco: Recombinant probiotics with antimicrobial peptides: a dual strategy to improve immune response in immunocompromised patients. Drug Discov Today, 19, 1045-1050, (2014)
- [27] MF Bachmann, GT Jennings: Vaccine delivery: a matter of size, geometry, kinetics and molecular patterns. Nat Rev Immunol, 10, 787-796, (2010)
- [28] ME Bianchi: DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger. J Leukoc Biol, 81, 1-5, (2007)
- [29] NI Torres, KS Noll, S Xu, J Li, Q Huang, PJ Sinko, MB Wachsman, ML Chikindas: Safety, formulation, and in vitro antiviral activity of the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against herpes simplex virus type 1. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 5, 26-35, (2013)
- [30] DK Podolsky: Inflammatory bowel disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 41 7-429 (2002)
- [31] E Owaga, RH Hsieh, B Mugendi, S Masuku, CK Shih, JS Chang: Th17 Cells as Potential Probiotic Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 16, 20841-20858, (2015)
- [32] DW Lescheid: Probiotics as regulators of inflammation: A review. Funct Food Health Dis, 4, 299-311,(2014)
- [33] C Hoarau, L Martin, D Faugaret, C Baron, A Dauba, CA Jacquin, F Velge-Roussel, Y Lebranchu: Supernatant from Bifidobacterium differentially modulates transduction signaling pathways for biological functions of human dendritic cells. PLoS ONE, 3, e2753, (2008)
- [34] Ren, T., D. S. Zamboni, C. R. Roy, W. F. Dietrich and R. E. Vance: Flagellin-deficient Legionella mutants evade caspase-1- and Naip5-mediated macrophage immunity. PLoS Pathog, 2, e18, (2006)
- [35] FH Yan, TL Cao, TL Cover, R Whitehead, MK Washington, DB Polk: Soluble proteins produced by probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell survival and growth. Gastroenterology, 132, 562–575, (2007)
- [36] SR Konstantinov, H Smidt, WM de Vos, SC Bruijns, SK Singh, F Valence, D Molle, S Lortal, E Altermann: S layer protein A of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM regulates immature dendritic cell and T cell functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 19474–19479 (2008)
- [37] E Bellaguarda, EB Chang: IBD and the gut microbiota--from bench to personalized medicine. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 17,
- [38] R Kort: Personalized therapy with probiotics from the host by TripleA. Trends Biotechnol, 32, 291-293 (2014)
- [39] L Simon, C Fremaux, Y Cenatiempo, JM Berjeaud: Sakacin G, a new type of antilisterial bacteriocin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68, 6416-6420, (2002)
- [40] Turovskiy Y, RD Ludescher, AA Aroutcheva, S Faro, ML Chikindas: Lactocin 160, a Bacteriocin Produced by Vaginal Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Targets Cytoplasmic Membranes of the Vaginal Pathogen, Gardnerella vaginalis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 20,1, 67-74, (2009)
- [41] PA Wescombe, M Upton, KP Dierksen, NL Ragland, S Sivabalan, RE Wirawan, MA Inglis, CJ Moore, GV Walker, CN Chilcott, HF Jenkinson, JR Tagg: Production of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its variants by oral streptococci and use of a specific induction assay to detect their presence in human saliva. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72,1459-1466, (2006)
- [42] EA Svetoch, BV Eruslanov, VV Perelygin, EV Mitsevich, IP Mitsevich, VN Borzenkov, VP Levchuk, OE Svetoch, YN Kovalev, YG Stepanshin, GR Siragusa, BS Seal, NJ Stern: Diverse antimicrobial killing by Enterococcus faecium E 50-52 bacteriocin. J Agric Food Chem. 26, 56, 1942-1948, (2008)
- [43] RM Duar, KJ Clark, PB Patil, C Hernández, S Brüning, TE Burkey, N Madayiputhiya, SL Taylor, J Walter: Identification and characterization of intestinal lactobacilli strains capable of degrading immunotoxicpeptides present in gluten. J Appl Microbiol. 118, 515-27, (2015)
- [44] L Zhang, P Su, A Henriksson, J O’Rourke, H Mitchell: Investigation of the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium lactis on Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 13, 183-190, (2008)
- [45] A Ushiyama, K Tanaka, Y Aiba, T Shiba, A Takagi, T Mine, Y Koga: Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 as a probiotic in clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pyloriinfection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 18, 986-991, (2003)
- [46] YJ Yang, CC Chuang, HB Yang, CC Lu, BS Sheu: Lactobacillus acidophilus ameliorates H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation by inactivating the Smad7 and NFκB pathways. BMC Microbiol. 19,12, 38, (2012)
- [47] Q Tan, H Xu, T Chen, P Li, ZP Aguilar, D Xu, X Ming, F Xu, H Wei: Differential expression of virulence and stress fitness genes during interaction between Listeria monocytogenes and Bifidobacterium longum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 76, 699-704 (2012)
- [48] B Sa´nchez, MC Urdaci: Extracellular proteins secreted by probiotic bacteria as mediators of effects that promote mucosa– bacteria interactions and Abelardo margolles. Microbiology, 156, 3232–3242 (2010)
- [49] C Hoarau, C Lagaraine, L Martin, F Velge-Roussel, Y Lebranchu: Supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve induces dendritic cell maturation, activation, and survival through a Toll-like receptor 2 pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 117, 696-702, (2006)
- [50] R Lu, S Fasano, N Madayiputhiya, NP Morin, J Nataro, A Fasano: Isolation, identification, and characterization of small bioactive peptides from Lactobacillus GG conditional media that exert both anti-Gram-negative and Gram-positive bactericidal activity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 49, 23-30, (2009)
- [51] M Hausmann: How Bacteria-Induced Apoptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Contributes to Mucosal Inflammation. Int J Inflam, 6, 574568, (2010)
- [52] A Borthakur, RK Gill, S Tyagi, A Koutsouris, WA Alrefai, GA Hecht, K Ramaswamy, PK Dudeja: TheProbiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus Stimulates Chloride/Hydroxyl Exchange Activity in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Nutr, 138, 1355-1359, (2008)
- [53] VL Moal, AL Servin: Anti-Infective Activities of Lactobacillus Strains in the Human Intestinal Microbiota: from Probiotics to Gastrointestinal Anti-Infectious Biotherapeutic Agents. Clin Microbiol Rev, 27, 167–199, (2014)
- [54] N Horn, MI Martínez, JM Martínez, PE Hernández, MJ Gasson, JM Rodríguez, HM Dodd: Production of Pediocin PA-1 by Lactococcus lactis Using the Lactococcin A Secretory Apparatus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64, 818–823, (1998)
- [55] YH Chiu, Y-C Lu, C-C Ou, S-L Lin, C-C Tsai, C-T Huang, M-Y Lin: Lactobacillus plantarum MYL26 induces endotoxin tolerance phenotype in Caco-2 cells. BMC Microbiol, 13, 190 (2013)
- [56] S Kandasamy, KS Chattha, AN Vlasova, G Rajashekara, LJ Saif: Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Gut Microbes, 5, 639-651 (2014)
- [57] E Chenoll, B Casinos, E Bataller, P Astals, J Echevarría, JR Iglesias, P Balbarie, D Ramón, S Genovés: Novel Probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 7366 Strain Active against the Pathogenic Bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77, 1335–1343 (2011)
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