Application of green silver nanoparticles synthesized from the red seaweeds Halymenia porphyriformis and Solieria robusta against oral pathogenic bacteria by using microscopic technique

Application of green silver nanoparticles synthesized from the red seaweeds Halymenia porphyriformis and Solieria robusta against oral pathogenic bacteria by using microscopic technique

Khadija Dilawaiz Khan¹, Uzma Hanif^1,*, Iram Liaqat², Shabnum Shaheen³, Umer Farooq Awan¹, Saiqa Ishtiaq⁴, Leonel Pereira^5,*, Saraj Bahadur⁶, Marriam Dilawaiz Khan¹

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¹ Department of Botany, Government College University, 5400 Lahore, Pakistan

² Department of Zoology, Government College University, 5400 Lahore, Pakistan

³ Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, 5400 Lahore, Pakistan

⁴ Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, 5400 Lahore, Pakistan

⁵ MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal

⁶ College of Forestry, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, Hainan, China

^*Correspondence: uzmahanif@gcu.edu.pk (Uzma Hanif); leonel.pereira@uc.pt (Leonel Pereira)
Academic Editor: Baohong Zhang

Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed) 2022, 14(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1402013

Submitted: 31 December 2021 | Revised: 15 January 2022 | Accepted: 24 January 2022 | Published: 1 June 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seaweed Applications in Food and Biotechnology)

This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Abstract

Aqueous extracts of two red seaweeds Halymenia porphyriformis and Solieria robusta were used to synthesize green silver nanoparticles. These biogenic nanoparticles were tested against four strains of oral pathogenic bacteria which cause tooth decay or cavities. Staphylococcus aureus (MT416445), Streptococcus viridans (MT416448), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MT416447) and Lactobacillus brevis (MT416446) were used. Characterization of AgNPs was done by UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD and FTIR. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the particles. The size analysis by XRD of the green AgNPs by H. porphyriformis indicated it had smaller particles, 15.23 nm, when compared to AgNPs by S. robusta (17 nm). Both green synthesized silver nanoparticles showed moderate antibacterial activity against all strains of bacteria, except L. acidophilus. Both particles showed their maximum zone of inhibition against L. acidophilus at a lower concentration of 50 and 100 $\mathrm{\mu}$ g. However, it was concluded that silver nanoparticles of H. porphyriformis are more effective than that of S. robusta due to their smaller size.

Keywords

red algae

silver nanoparticles

oral pathogenic bacteria

tooth decay

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