Dear Colleagues,

To make a diagnosis and to build a treatment plan, medical doctors generally focus on a clinical picture assembled from signs, symptoms, family history, risk factors, and medical investigations. Nevertheless, observations that extend over a period of time and have limitations placed on signs may become pathognomonic and result in a fallacious diagnosis; especially when emphasis is placed on only a single sign. Diseases do not present their signs as in a written scenario and do not follow a certain path. This is especially true for the diseases of the nervous system including psychiatric disorders. Therefore, it is particularly important is to gather more evidence about the role of new and effective therapeutic strategies (i.e., non-invasive brain stimulation techniques) to better understand the pathobiological and pathophysiological mechanisms leading to neuropsychiatric diseases (by investigating means of different cortical activity) and to discuss challenges and strategies for innovative therapeutic options based on neuromodulation.

This Special Issue highlights the latest advance in preclinical, clinical, and translational research on behavioral domains, neural correlates, and their interference, not typical to clinical vignettes, which potentially lead to the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic methods. We cordially invite authors to contribute original research and review articles focusing on—but not limited to—the following:
•    Etiology, pathogenesis, and progression mechanisms;
•    Early diagnosis, including biomarkers, bioimaging, biosensors, and neuroimaging;
•    Predictors of clinical treatment responses;
•    Computational neuroscience and computational psychiatry;
•    Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Dr. Masaru Tanaka and Dr Simone Battaglia

Guest Editors