IMR Press / RCM / Volume 26 / Issue 11 / DOI: 10.31083/RCM44335
Open Access Review
Noninvasive Cardiac Electrical Activity Mapping Systems: Current Available Options
Show Less
Affiliation
1 Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, “Città della Salute e della Scienza” Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
2 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
*Correspondence: matteo.anselmino@unito.it (Matteo Anselmino)
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2025, 26(11), 44335; https://doi.org/10.31083/RCM44335 (registering DOI)
Submitted: 27 June 2025 | Revised: 29 August 2025 | Accepted: 12 September 2025 | Published: 21 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias in 2024 and Beyond)
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract

Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi) is an innovative noninvasive mapping technique. Indeed, ECGi enables the identification of the earliest points of cardiac activation in both atrial and ventricular focal arrhythmias, as well as rotors and high-frequency domains that could act as potential drivers of atrial fibrillation. Currently, ECGi is most widely used in the management of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Meanwhile, in cases of macro-reentrant arrhythmias, ECGi assists in outlining the re-entry circuit and identifying the myocardial exit site. Additionally, current research is focusing on detecting myocardial scars and critical isthmuses. This information is particularly valuable for planning stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation procedures for VT in patients where invasive electroanatomic maps are unavailable, and a fully noninvasive approach is preferred. The present review aims to examine commercially available options for noninvasive ECG mapping (Amycard, CardioInsight, VIVO, Acorys, and vMAP), highlighting key features and limitations.

Keywords
ventricular tachycardia
noninvasive mapping
ECGi
stereotactic radiation ablation
STAR
Graphical Abstract
View Full Image
Download
Funding
945119/ European Union's Horizon-2020 research and innovation programme
Figures
Fig. 1.
Share
Back to top