Background and Objective: Breast cancer, a common malignancy, affects physical and mental health and quality of life. Surgical intervention remains a cornerstone of treatment, with traditional approaches impacting patients’ psychosocial health. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical effect of different surgical methods on breast cancer patients. The study used PRISMA guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: An electronic databases was searched using search terms such as “breast cancer”, “different surgical options” and “clinical efficacy”. The quality of the data included in the study was evaluated according to the criteria in the Cochrane system evaluation manual. The results of randomized clinical controlled studies were analyzed using Review Manager (5.1.0). Results: Finally, nine clinical randomized controlled studies were included. The analysis showed that compared with the control group, the operation time of patients could be significantly shortened, reduce intraoperative bleeding, has a smaller incision length and shorter hospital stay. The breast conserving treatment group also had a higher quality of life score compared with the control group, breast conserving surgery did not increase the incidence of upper limb edema. Conclusion: Meta-analysis shows that the effect of different surgical methods on breast cancer patients can be significantly reduced by comparing the different operation methods.