Histone acetylation and methylation residues involved in neurodevelopmental disorders with their relevant models. In this figure, 17 neurodevelopmental disorders associated with aberrant histone acetylation and/or methylation are shown. Arginine and lysine residues at the N-terminal ends of core histone proteins and some disease-associated lysine residues inside are shown. Among them, the residues known to be acetylated or methylated are highlighted in purple or blue squares, respectively. The association of the residues with neurodevelopmental disorders in this review are briefly described in the purple- or blue-lined textboxes depending on the types of histone modifications, acetylation or methylation, inside which the names of disorders, the related human genes and their Drosophila orthologs, and modifying activities are indicated. The writers (HAT and KMT) and the erasers (HDAC and KDM) are separately marked with symbols of a pencil and an eraser, respectively. RSTS1, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome 1; RSTS2, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome 2; MRD32, Autosomal dominant mental retardation 32; GTPTS, Genitopatellar syndrome; KABUK 1, Kabuki syndrome 1; KABUK 2, Kabuki syndrome 2; KLEFS1, Kleefstra syndrome 1; KLEFS2, Kleefstra syndrome 2; MRXSCJ, Mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic, Claes-Jensen type disorder; MRT65, Autosomal recessive mental retardation 65; SOTOS1, Sotos syndrome 1; WHS, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome; WVS, Weaver syndrome; WDSTS, Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome; SBIDDS, Short stature, brachydactyly, intellectual developmental disability, and seizures