IMR Press / RCM / Volume 20 / Issue 4 / DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm.2019.04.56
Open Access Review
Factors IX, XI, and XII: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Anticoagulant Therapy in Atherothrombosis
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1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
2 Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
3 Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
*Correspondence: dagrawal@westernu.edu (Devendra K. Agrawal)
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2019, 20(4), 245–254; https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm.2019.04.56
Submitted: 28 May 2019 | Accepted: 17 December 2019 | Published: 30 December 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Rai et al. Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular and neurological ischemic events. Plaque rupture leads to the exposure of highly thrombogenic material with blood and results in the activation of the coagulation cascade, thrombus formation, and embolic events. Although antiplatelets and anticoagulants are used to prevent thromboembolic episodes, bleeding episodes remain the major adverse effect. Decreased ischemic events have been reported while comparing oral rivaroxaban and apixaban with aspirin to improve the therapeutic outcome in several clinical trials, including Anti-Xa Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events in Addition to Standard Therapy in Subjects with Acute Coronary Syndrome-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 51, Apixaban for Prevention of Acute Ischemic and Safety Events, and GEMINI-ACS-1 phase II clinical trials. However, there were bleeding episodes. Thus, there is an unmet need for better therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the current focus is to target Factors IX, XI, and XII to develop safer and efficient strategies. In this article, we critically reviewed and discussed the limitations of current therapies and the potential of targeting Factors IX, XI, and XII for anticoagulant therapy in atherothrombosis.

Keywords
Atherothrombosis
atherosclerotic plaque
plaque rupture
blood coagulation
factor IX
XI
and XII inhibition
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