IMR Press / RCM / Volume 12 / Issue 4 / DOI: 10.3909/ricm0581

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine (RCM) is published by IMR Press from Volume 19 Issue 1 (2018). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with MedReviews, LLC.

Open Access Review
Clinical Impact of Renal Dysfunction in Heart Failure
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1 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section, Santa Maria alle Scotte Hospital, Siena, Italy
2 Department of Cardiology, University of Brescia, Italy
3 St. John Providence Health System, Providence Park Heart Institute, Novi, MI
4 Department of Nephrology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2011, 12(4), 186–199; https://doi.org/10.3909/ricm0581
Published: 30 December 2011
Abstract
Renal impairment in heart failure (HF) patients has been increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. In the most recent European and American guidelines for HF management, renal dysfunction was considered an index of poor prognosis independent of the presence of other traditionally investigated risk factors. Different mechanisms appear to be implicated in worsening renal function in patients with acute decompensated HF (ADHF) in contrast to chronic HF. In patients with acute ADHF, renal impairment has been attributed to renal hypoperfusion due to reduced cardiac output and decreased systemic blood pressure. In these patients, neurohormonal activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems plays a key role. In chronic and clinically stable HF, other mechanisms, including microvascular damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, lead to a reduced number of functioning nephrons. Differentiating transient functional changes in renal filtration and acute renal tubular injury with loss of functioning nephrons is a critical step in understanding cardiorenal syndromes and selection of patients for novel therapeutic approaches.
Keywords
Chronic kidney disease
Heart failure
Cardiorenal syndrome
Mortality
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