Dear Colleagues,

Thanks to the latest anti-seizure medication (ASM), medication therapy can control epileptic seizures in many patients who have epilepsy, and it is said that about 70-80% of them can obtain freedom from seizures by ASMs. Comparing the old ASMs that include enzyme inducers, current ASMs have fewer side effects, and have good efficacy rates. However, even though ASMs contribute to the field of epilepsy, the rest of the patients with epilepsy cannot obtain freedom from seizures with ASMs alone, and need to choose other treatment options, such as epilepsy surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, ketogenic diet therapy, deep brain stimulation, responsive neurostimulation therapy, etc. 
In terms of the non-medication treatment, seizure prediction might be one of the promising interventions. We already have seizure predicting canines. We may have devices to predict seizures in the near future.
The aim of this special issue is to focus on the non-medication treatment (prediction of seizures, epilepsy surgery, VNS, RNS, etc. in epilepsy treatment, basic research, medical engineering, etc.) for medically intractable epilepsy.

Dr. Ayataka Fujimoto and Dr. Tohru Okanishi

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