†These authors contributed equally.
This article demonstrates that mannotriose effectively induces the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells in vitro. Rat-derived mesenchymal stem cells were investigated on their potential to differentiate into neuron-like cells induced by mannotriose purified from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata in vitro. The percentage of the neuron-specific enolase positive cells and the Nissl positive cells after mannotriose treatment was increased. The mRNA levels of neurofilament medium and neuron-specific enolase were upregulated in the mannotriose group compared to the control. These findings demonstrate that mannotriose purified from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata can effectively induce differentiation of rat-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells.
Bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) is a bone marrow-derived multipotent stem cell, which can differentiate into several somatic cells under certain circumstances, such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) could also differentiate into neuron-like cells and glia-like cells [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. They have abundant sources and could be isolated with high yield, which added to their ability to differentiate into non-mesodermal cell types, including neuronal lineage in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the induction of MSCs to differentiate into neurons for cell therapy provides a new possibility for the treatment of neurological disorders and have been proposed as an alternative therapy to be applied to several pathologies of the nervous system [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
Radix Rehmanniae Preparata-containing serum can induce BMSCs into neural cell differentiation [11]. Until now, many inducers for inducing neuro-differentiation of MSCs in vitro have been reported. The most prevalent chemical inducers were toxic to humans to varying degrees [12, 13]. Whether mannotriose is toxic for the quality control of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata needs further study. At least, mannotriose is natural, and Radix Rehmanniae Preparata could effectively treat neurologic diseases [14, 15]. Thus, it is imperative to find safer alternatives [16] validated.
In recent years, many meaningful findings related to the differentiation of MSC into neurons induced by Traditional Chinese medicines were reported, such as astragalus [17], berberine [18], tanshinone [19], acanthopanax [20]. However, no research on mannotriose of inducing the differentiation of MSCs into neurons was reported. There are two types of Rehmanniae Radix derived from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, raw Rehmanniae Radix (Sheng Dihuang), and Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (Shu Dihuang). Two studies showed that Radix Rehmanniae Preparata could effectively treat neurologic diseases [14, 15], and Radix Rehmanniae Preparata-containing serum can induce BMSCs into neural cell differentiation [11]. However, whether mannotriose, which is the index for the quality control purified from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, is the key component in promoting differentiation is not known.
Induction of MSCs to differentiate into the neuron for cell therapy could
provide a new treatment for neurological diseases. Woodbury [21] first
succeeded in inducing MSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells in
vitro with
Four-week-old Wistar rats (without gender limitations, 120 g in weight). were supplied by Shanghai Sippr-BK Experimental Animal Center [Certificate No. SCXK (Shanghai) 2013-0016].
Reagents were as follows, including Ficoll-paque lymphocyte separation medium
(Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, USA), FBS, and L-DMEM (Gibco, Grand Island, NY,
USA), FITC-CD34, and PE-CD44 (BD Biosciences, NJ, USA). Neuron-Specific Enolase
(NSE) monoclonal antibody (FITC) (Abcam Co., Cambridge, UK.), PCR kit (TaKaRa
Co., Tokyo, Japan). Mannotriose for use in research, biochemical enzyme assays,
and in vitro diagnostic analysis was isolated and purified from
Rehmannia Glutinosa in Chengdu Herb purify Co., LTD. It has a molecular formula,
C
Bone marrow was isolated from the femur of
a normal Wistar rat under sterile conditions,
flushing the marrow cavity with L-DMEM medium (including 10%
FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin) (Fig. 1A). The medium with bone marrow was added into the centrifuge tube with 1.077
g/mL equivalent Ficoll-paque lymphocyte separation medium (Fig. 1B, C). Centrifuged for 25
minutes at 2500 rpm, mononuclear cells were collected (Fig. 1D). The cells were
resuspended and cultured in an incubator at 37
Isolation of Rat MSCs. (A) Stripped the femur of Wistar rats under sterile conditions. (B) Flushed the marrow cavity with L-DMEM; (C) Equivalent Ficoll-paque lymphocyte separation medium was lightly superposed; (D) After centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 25 minutes, mononuclear cells were obtained.
Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to analyze the 3rd passage rMSCs,
CD44, which was considered the MSC marker, and CD34, considered the hematopoietic
marker progenitor cells with FCM. The 3rd generation rMSCs
(~10
The 3rd generation rMSCs were passed into a 24-well cell culture plate. When
cells were nearly 60%~70% confluent, the medium was removed.
Drug-inducing in vitro was performed after pretreatment with 1 mmol/L
(1) Control Group: Cells were pre- induced with 1 mmol/L
(2) Mannotriose Group: Cells were pre-induced with 1 mmol/L
(3) Positive Control Group: Cells were pre-induced with 1 mmol/L
All the cells were incubated for 48 h at 37
To study whether the MSCs had differentiated into neurons, neuronal
markers such as NSE and Nissl were stained. Nissl staining
followed the process operation: the cells were fixed with 4% polyformaldehyde,
incubated with cresyl violet dye for 30 min at 37
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to verify the gene expressions of the
markers of neurons, NSE, and neurofilament medium (NF-M). RNA extraction and
reverse transcription were performed by the kit instructions (9108/9109, Takara;
RR047A, Takara). The A260/280 ratio of RNA was detected. The primers were
designed and synthesized by sango biotech. The GAPDH (internal control) primers
were used. All primer sequences are listed. GAPDH (internal control):
5
The experimental data were expressed as a mean and standard deviation.
Single-factor analysis of variance and one-way ANOVA was performed using SPSS
18.0. The LSD was used to compare the differences between the two groups.
P
At 24 h, some adherent cells with irregular shapes were observed, and the cells presented good refraction. At 48 h, we found that the number of adherent cells increased significantly. They achieved 80-90% confluency on the 7th day as a monolayer arranged in a radial or spiral-shaped pattern. At this time, cells could be passaged successfully, then passaged every 2-3 days. After passage, the cells’ lifespan became shorter, and the cells could adhere to the wall entirely in 24 h. As shown in Fig. 2, most of the 3rd passage MSCs were spindle cells (Fig. 2A). They presented typical radial, spiral, or row arrangement with uniform growth and regular arrangement (Fig. 2B).
The scheme illustrates the cellular morphology of MSC of P3. (A) The 3rd passage rMSCs were mainly spindle cells; (B) Cells presented typical radial, spiral, or row arrangement with uniform growth and regular arrangement.
In brief, MSCs were isolated from rats, purified, and cultured to the 3rd passage rMSCs in our study. Then the important cell surface markers, CD44, and CD3 were identified by FCM.
We further analyzed the expression of CD44, which was considered the marker of MSC and CD34, which was considered the marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells with FCM [16]. We found that the expression of CD44 was more than 90%, while the expression of CD34 was less than 10% (Fig. 3). In our study, the expression of the surface marker of MSCs, CD44, was positive. In contrast, the marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells, CD34, was negative, consistent with the previous relevant reports.
Flow-cytometric analysis of cell surface markers (A) CD44 (B) CD34. The expression of a surface marker of rMSCs, CD44, was more than 90%. In contrast, the marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells, CD34, was negative, less than 10%.
The 3rd generation rMSCs were treated with
0.1 g/L mannotriose for 48 hours. NSE was explicitly expressed on neurons and
considered a marker for neurons, so we determined the induced cells’ NSE
expression with the immunocytochemistry method. The data showed that
0.1 g/L mannotriose treatment for 48 h increased the number of
NSE stain-positive cells compared with the control group (P
NSE Immunostaining. (A) There were few positive cells in the
control group; (B) Mannotriose treatment increased the number of NSE-positive
cells (bright green); (C) The positive control group; (D) The percentage of
NSE-positive cells. Single-factor analysis of variance and one-way ANOVA was
performed using SPSS 18.0. The LSD was used to compare the differences between
the two groups. P
Nissl body, one of the neuron’s characteristic structures, exists in the cell
body and dendrites, can be stained with basic dyes appearing as dark purple
particles and plaques. Nissl staining is often used to identify
neurons. We found that most neuron-like cells treated with
mannotriose (0.1 g/L) for 48 h were positive for Nissl
staining (Fig. 5). By contrast, there were barely positive cells by Nissl
staining in the control group. Similar changes existed in the
Nissl Staining. (A) The control MSCs were shuttle-shaped cells;
(B) Treatment with mannotriose (0.1 g/L) for 48 h changed the shape of MSCs from
spindle to bipolar cells and multipolar. Some convex became thinner and longer to
form filamentary pseudopod. (C) The positive control MSCs,
RT-PCR was used to detect NSE and neurofilament medium (NF-M) gene expression changes after mannotriose treatment. The data showed that NSE and NF-M mRNA levels increased significantly in the mannotriose group than in the control group (Fig. 6). Consistently with the change of NSE mRNA levels in response to mannotriose treatment, NSE’s immunoreactivity had similar changes (Fig. 4).
Effect of mannotriose on mRNA levels of NF-M and NSE. NSE and NF-M mRNA levels increased significantly in the mannotriose (0.1 g/L) group compared with the control group.
The key bioactive ingredients of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata were mannotriose and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural. Based on earlier studies, indicating, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata could effectively treat neurologic diseases [14, 15], and Radix Rehmanniae Preparata-containing serum can induce BMSCs into neural cell differentiation [11], and in hindsight, it would seem that mannotriose was the key bioactive ingredient of inducing the differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells. So, the differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells induced by mannotriose purified from RadixRehmanniaePreparata was discussed, and mannotriose might be an alternative therapy to be applied to several pathologies of the nervous system.
LZ supervised the entire study, including experimental design and data analysis, wrote the manuscript. XL conducted the experiments. All authors interpreted the data and approved the final manuscript. LJ revised this manuscript. All data needed to evaluate the paper’s conclusions are present in the paper and/or the materials cited here. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
The study was approved by the Shanghai Sippr-BK Experimental Animal Center [Certificate No. SCXK (Shanghai) 2013-0016]. All the animal experiments were performed in compliance with the guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM).
We thank the anonymous reviewers for excellent criticism of the article. We also acknowledge the efforts of many researchers, including the consortium members.
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82074274); Construction project of Fujian medical center of hematology (Min201704); National and Fujian Provincial Key Clinical Specialty Discipline Construction Program, P.R.C.
There are no conflicts of interest.