Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
Human papillomaviruses are associated with a broad range of carcinomas, including cervical cancer. Although the delivery of immunogenic tumor-associated antigens represents a promising approach in the treatment of these malignancies, the imposition of T cell tolerance poses a significant challenge in this endeavor. The purpose of this review is to discuss T cell tolerance and the role of T cell costimulation in the immunotherapy of HPV-associated malignancies.