IMR Press / FBL / Volume 15 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.2741/3656

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.

Article

G protein and its signaling pathway in bone development and disease

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1 Life Science College, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhang Road, Hongzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
2 Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
3 Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
4 Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2010, 15(3), 957–985; https://doi.org/10.2741/3656
Published: 1 June 2010
Abstract

G protein signaling is comprised of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that detect ligands or sense cations, heterotrimeric G proteins, and downstream effectors and regulators. G protein signaling plays important roles in bone development, remodeling, and disease. In human cases, mutations of certain GPCRs and G proteins impair bone development and metabolism, resulting in bone diseases. This review focuses on the functions of G proteins and GPCRs in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, their signaling pathways, and their gene mutations in mouse models and human diseases. We have discussed the roles of all four types of G proteins (i.e. Gs, Gq/11, Gi/o, and G12/13) and assessed the roles of the GPCRs, such as type 1 Parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R), calcitonin receptor, cation sensing receptor (CaSR), relaxin family peptides, cannabinoid receptor, frizzleds, and proton sensing receptor in normal bone formation and remodeling. The roles of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAP) in G-protein signaling pathways are also reviewed. Lastly, we give perspective for the research of G protein signaling in bone development and disease.

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