IMR Press / FBL / Volume 13 / Issue 18 / DOI: 10.2741/3218

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.

Article

Pancreas islets in metabolic signaling - focus on the beta-cell

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1 Experimental Diabetology, School of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
2 Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
3 International Mac Planck Research School, 4 MPI-CBG, Dresden, Germany

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

 

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2008, 13(18), 7156–7171; https://doi.org/10.2741/3218
Published: 1 May 2008
Abstract

The Islets of Langerhans form a nutrient sensing network spread throughout the pancreas. They are tightly connected to the source organ, the intestine, and the target organs - liver, muscle, and fat cells. The expression of a unique set of proteins enables beta cells, the most frequent islet cell type, to detect elevated blood glucose levels and secrete insulin accordingly. Clustered beta-cells achieve tighter regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by coordination through cell surface proteins. They also adjust their secretory capacity and flow to avoid being damaged. The immediate reaction of the beta cell to nutrients is regulated by translational mechanisms, while longer term adaptations involve changes in transcription. Glucose increases overall protein synthesis in beta-cells but selectively boosts translation of some secretory proteins including insulin. This may be mediated through recognition of RNA motifs in the untranslated regions of those messengers. If essential molecular components of this nutrient sensing system are broken or fail due to repeated stress, beta cells malfunction, which on a larger scale manifest as diseases like diabetes mellitus.

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