IMR Press / FBL / Volume 11 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.2741/1969

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.

Article

Gi proteins regulate lipopolysaccharide and Staphylococcus aureus induced cytokine production but not (1 → 3)-beta-D-glucan induced cytokine suppression

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1 Department of Neuroscience, 6 Pharmacology, and 6 Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
2 Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, 37614
3 Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, 37614
4 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
5 Department of Experimental Pathology and Microbiology, Medical University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2006, 11(3), 2264–2274; https://doi.org/10.2741/1969
Published: 1 September 2006
Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat killed Staphylococcus aureus (SA) activation of inflammatory cells depended in part upon activation of heterotrimeric Gi proteins. It has also been shown that (1 → 3) beta-D-glucan can suppress inflammatory cell activation by microbial products although the cellular mechanism of the glucan effect remains to be clearly defined. We hypothesized that Gi proteins function as a common convergent signaling pathway for both LPS and SA leading to monocyte mediator production. Additionally, we hypothesized that soluble glucan suppresses LPS and SA induced cytokine production via Gi protein coupled signaling. Human THP-1 promonocytic cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTx, 100 ng/ml or 1 microgram/ml) 6 hours prior to stimulation with LPS (10 microgram/ml) and SA (10 microgram/ml) and/or soluble glucan (10 microgram/ml). Both LPS and SA significantly (p < 0.05) induced cytokine production IL-6 > TNF alpha > IL-1 beta > GM-CSF > IL-10 > IFN gamma. The induction of these cytokines was significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed by PTx. Glucan treatment alone had no effect on cytokine production but suppressed (P < 0.05) LPS and SA induced cytokines. PTx further augmented (p > 0.05) the inhibitory effect of glucan on the LPS and SA induced cytokine expression. The data support the hypothesis that Gi proteins function as a common signaling protein for both LPS and SA induction of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and that soluble glucan effectively suppresses cytokine production to the microbial stimuli. In contrast, the effect of soluble glucan on inhibiting cellular activation by LPS and SA is Gi protein independent.

Keywords
Gi protein
LPS
Staphylococcus aureus
Glucan
Cytokine
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