IMR Press / FBE / Volume 4 / Issue 5 / DOI: 10.2741/e510

Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite (FBE) is published by IMR Press from Volume 13 Issue 2 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.

Review

Endogenous anticancer mechanisms: metastasis

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1 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue Building C1-501, Boston, MA 02115, USA

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

 

Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed) 2012, 4(5), 1888–1897; https://doi.org/10.2741/e510
Published: 1 January 2012
Abstract

Metastases, rather than the primary tumors from which these malignant growths are spawned, are culpable for greater than 90% of human cancer-associated mortality. Metastases arise through the completion of a series of cell-biological events – collectively termed “the invasion-metastasis cascade” – which involve the dissemination of tumor cells to distant organ sites and their subsequent adaptation to these foreign microenvironments. Importantly, a number of endogenous mechanisms exist that serve to prevent metastatic progression. These safeguards must be overcome by incipient metastatic tumor cells in order for them to generate detectable metastases. Here, I highlight four endogenous mechanisms that protect against the development of metastatic disease in breast carcinomas. I discuss how the expression of these genes are dampened during malignant progression, the downstream responses they orchestrate, and clinical opportunities to therapeutically target these mechanisms. Indeed, one potentially effective strategy for the remediation of metastatic disease involves the reactivation of endogenous anti-metastasis mechanisms. Therefore, knowledge regarding endogenous anti-metastasis mechanisms may both further our comprehension of the basic etiology of metastasis and also guide the treatment of human tumors.

Keywords
Metastasis
E-cadherin
miR-31
miR-335
NM23
Breast cancer
Cancer
Cancer therapy
microRNA
Metastatic colonization
Invasion-metastasis cascade
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Tumor-initiating cell
Review
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