Background: The treatment of patients with breast cancer has undergone many revisions over recent decades. The current trend is toward limited resections and breast conservation. Some authors advocate the abandonment of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for small tumors. While it is accepted that ALND has no therapeutic effect in breast cancer patients, its prognostic significance for small tumors is debated. Eligibility criteria for surgical treatment without axillary dissection are evolving. Methods: Considering that problem, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of I 00 patients with Tl invasive carcinoma of the breast treated at Hippokration Hospital of Athens between 1986 and 1987. Patients were divided into two groups: those that underwent ALND (n = 76) and those that did not (n = 24). The following data were recorded: age, tumor size, grade, hormone receptor status and postoperative treatment. The ten-year overall and disease-free survival were analysed. A multivariate analysis was used to identify prognostic variables. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the ten-year overall and disease-free survival between the two groups The univariate analysis showed that tumor size predicts both recurrence and survival. In the multivariate analysis tumor size was found to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Conclusions: ALND did not influence the ten-year survival or the recurrence rate. Tumor size was the only statistically significant and independent prognostic factor for Tl breast cancer patients.