Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications of
pregnancies terminated which were for maternal and fetal causes in our clinic and
to discuss legal and ethical issues differing by countries. Methods:
This study was performed retrospectively by evaluating 318 pregnancies terminated
due to maternal or fetal indications over 10 weeks. Results: Termination of pregnancy was
performed due to fetal congenital, chromosomal and obstetrical reasons in 96.8%
of 318 terminated cases and due to maternal reasons in 3.2% of them. Thirty-two
(10%) late termination cases with gestational week
Major congenital abnormalities are among the leading causes of infant mortality [1]. The most common causes of perinatal mortality are antepartum stillbirths (42.7%), problems associated with prematurity (26.0%) and fatal congenital malformations [2]. Soft markers in the genetic sonogram and chromosomal abnormalities in the presence of major congenital anomalies is a very useful diagnostic modality of ultrasonography in determining fetuses [3].
International fetal abnormality screening programs play an important role in the
early diagnosis of congenital abnormalities. The optimal time to perform the
combined test [nuchal translucency (NT), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
(PAPP-A) and free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-hCG)] is between
11
Fetal structural and chromosomal abnormalities which detected in early gestational weeks and any abnormalities caused a risk for mother life could be regarded as the main indications for termination of pregnancy (TOP) [5]. Gestational age is the most important parameter for the termination decision of pregnancy for fetal abnormality (TDPA) [6]. The diagnosis of fetal abnormality is an unexpected serious emotional trauma for the mother and the family. Women may face various difficulties, even if she accepts the continuation of pregnancy or elective termination [7].
There is not yet an international standard for pregnancy evacuations that should be performed due to medical indications. On the other hand yet, there is no accepted guideline regarding termination indications made for medical reasons. For now, legal regulations of every country determine the principles of TOP according to range of gestational weeks and maternal, fetal and other specific criminal-cultural indications. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the termination indications of pregnancies performed in our clinic that is a tertiary center and to discuss legal and ethical issues differing by countries.
The present study focuses on 318 pregnant women admitted to Dokuz Eylul University School of School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2018 for termination of their pregnancies evaluated retrospectively. Among these dates, 148 of the 5342 births that took place in our clinic were death births. Of the 318 pregnancies that were terminated, 245 were due to fetal congenital anomalies. Pregnancies terminated due to maternal or fetal indications over 10 weeks by decision of the perinatology council were included and pregnancies that were less than 10 weeks and terminated voluntarily were excluded. Various countries have various regulations for TOP. In some countries, TOP after 10 weeks is strictly prohibited by the law. According to the laws where the study took place, termination of pregnancies over 10 weeks is considered to be a crime. Again, due to the fact that our study is on fetuses with anomalies, pregnancies that have been terminated without a medical reason were not included in this study. The socio-demographic characteristics of women whose pregnancy were terminated with medical indication were recorded in the anamnesis form. The socio-demographic features, age, gestational weeks, parity, fetal weight, termination indications were demonstrated in Table 1. Fetal USG examinations were performed by Voluson P6 GE Medical Systems device in perinatology outpatient clinic by the same physician. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed as an additional imaging method to confirm the diagnosis (especially for central nervous system and chest abnormalities) in indicated pregnancies.
n = 318 | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
Age | 31.38 |
18 | 46 |
Gravida | 2.22 |
1 | 7 |
Parity | 0.80 |
0 | 5 |
Gestational week | 18.20 |
11 | 30 |
Fetal weight (gr) | 215.76 |
50 | 900 |
TOP indications were divided into two main groups; fetal (congenital, chromosomal, obstetric) and maternal causes. Fetal causes were central nervous system abnormalities (CNS), chromosomal disorders, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), multiple fetal abnormalities, cardiovascular abnormalities, oligo-anhydramniosis, genitourinary system abnormalities, musculoskeletal abnormalities, cystic hygroma, hydrops fetalis and chest abnormalities (Table 2,3). Maternal causes were due to hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, maternal systemic diseases and conditions, cardiovascular diseases and teratogen drug use (Table 2). All indications were evaluated and approved by the perinatology council ethics committee consisting by at least three consultant; newborn specialist, pediatric cardiology, neurology, radio-diagnostics, surgery, medical genetics and/or pharmacology specialists. All pregnant women included in the study were healthy and had no additional diseases (preeclampsia, diabetes, anemia, cholestasis, etc.). Additionally, no woman had a newborn with an anomaly before. Or therefore pregnancy termination has not occurred.
Age Range | 30-34 | 35-39 | Total | ||
Central nervous system anomalies | 28 | 35 | 10 | 6 | 79 |
PPROM ( |
21 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 42 |
Multiple fetal anomalies | 8 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 27 |
Anhydramniosis (without congenital anomalies) | 7 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 21 |
Cardiovascular system anomalies | 9 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 20 |
Genitourinary system anomalies | 8 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
Musculoskeletal system anomalies | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 14 |
Cystic Hygroma | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | |
Hydrops Fetalis | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | |
Thoracic anomalies | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Use of X group drugs (methotrexate etc.) during pregnancy | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
Advanced stage malignancies | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Cardiovascular and Renal diseases | 1 | 1 | |||
Congenital metabolic liver diseases | 1 | 1 | |||
Maternal fetal infections | 1 | 1 | |||
Trisomy 21 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 39 |
Trisomy 18 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 16 |
Triploidy | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | |
Turner syndrome | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |
Trisomy 13 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Monosomy X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
Triple X syndrome | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Duchenne muscular dystrophy | 1 | 1 | |||
Fragile X syndrome | 1 | 1 | |||
Di George syndrome | 1 | 1 | |||
Partial trisomy 3 | 1 | 1 | |||
Partial 4p deletion | 1 | 1 | |||
Partial trisomy 18 | 1 | 1 | |||
Total n (%) | 111 (34.9 %) | 116 (36.4%) | 53 (16.6 %) | 38 (11.9%) | 318 |
PPROM = Preterm premature rupture of membrane. |
Total | ||
(a) Fetal congenital, chromosomal and obstetrical reasons (number (percentage)) | 308 (96.8%) | Average gestational week at termination (Min-Max) |
Central nervous system anomalies | 79 (24.8%) | 19 (12-30) |
Chromosomal disorders | 78 (24.5%) | 19 (12-30) |
PPROM ( |
42 (13.2%) | 18 (16-23) |
Multiple fetal anomalies | 27 (8.4%) | 19 (12-24) |
Anhydramniosis (without congenital anomalies) | 21 (6.6%) | 18 (15-23) |
Cardiovascular system anomalies | 20 (6.2%) | 21 (18-29) |
Genitourinary system anomalies | 14 (4.4%) | 17 (16-21) |
Musculoskeletal system anomalies | 14 (4.4%) | 19 (15-31) |
Cystic Hygroma | 6 (1.8%) | 15 (12-23) |
Hydrops Fetalis | 5 (1.5%) | 17 (15-26) |
Thoracic anomalies | 2 (0.6 %) | 22 (22-22) |
(b) Maternal reasons | 10 (3.2%) | |
Use of X group drugs (methotrexate etc.) during pregnancy | 5 (1.5%) | 12 (12-19) |
Advanced stage malignancies | 2 (0.6%) | 18 (14-22) |
Cardiovascular and Renal diseases | 1 (0.3%) | 20 |
Congenital metabolic liver diseases | 1 (0.3%) | 22 |
Maternal fetal infections | 1 (0.3%) | 13 |
Total | 318 | 18 |
PPROM = Preterm premature rupture of membrane. |
Misoprostol was used as the first choice for the evacuation of fetuses over the 10th gestational week. Misoprostol protocol was administered orally, sublingually or vaginally according to the gestational week and the history of the pregnant woman in accordance with clinical guidelines protocols [10, 11]. Induction with oxytocin was performed in cases whose gestational termination with misoprostol did not occur within 48-72 hours. In the uterine cavity control after fetal abortion, manual or electronic vacuum aspiration curettage was used to clean the placenta or its residues.
This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and Institutional Ethical Committee approved this study (Approval number: 5152-GOA; 2019/31-13; the date of issue: 16.12.2019).
The results were calculated using SPSS Statistics 20 software. The data were
reported as the mean
The women whose pregnancy was terminated were between 18 and 45 years old. The
mean maternal age at termination was 31.38
Number of patients | Percentage | |
Chromosomal disorders | ||
Trisomy 21 | 39 | 12.3% |
Trisomy 18 | 16 | 5% |
Triploidy | 5 | 1.6% |
Turner syndrome | 4 | 1.3% |
Trisomy 13 | 3 | 0.9% |
Monosomy X | 3 | 0.9% |
Triple X syndrome | 2 | 0.6% |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy | 1 | 0.3% |
Fragile X syndrome | 1 | 0.3% |
Di George syndrome | 1 | 0.3% |
Partial trisomy 3 | 1 | 0.3% |
Partial 4p deletion | 1 | 0.3% |
Partial trisomy 18 | 1 | 0.3% |
Total | 78 |
Fetal malformations are one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality. Fetal abnormalities cause significant permanent health problems and impose a major health burden [12].
Widespread use of routine prenatal screening tests parallel to changes in universal prenatal screening policies and technological advances in USG made it easy to diagnose the possible fetal malformations. This condition also leads to increased TOP rates. Gestational ages, presence of severe or fatal abnormal and/or chromosomal disorders were the most decisive factors in continuation or termination of pregnancy [9, 13]. TOP has always been discussed in terms of medical, legal, religious and ethical aspects [14]. Because of that the decision to terminate pregnancy is a critical medical procedure and therefore requires a multidisciplinary approach [15].
In our study, the most common indication for termination was central nervous system abnormalities 24.8% (mostly anencephaly and neural tube defects) among fetal structural abnormalities in accordance with many previous studies. Hern et al. examined 1005 cases underwent TOP for fetal abnormalities or fatal deaths, whose gestational week ranged from 12 to 39 weeks and they found that the most common structural abnormalities (n = 494) were neural tube defects and central nervous system abnormalities (n = 252) [9, 13, 15, 16]. Other detected CNS abnormalities were acrania, anencephaly and encephalocele which was high in first trimester. Our second mostly detected TOP indication was chromosomal disorders 24.5% (trisomy 21 in 12.3%, trisomy 18 in 5%, trisomy 13 in 0.9%, triploidy in 1.6%, Turner syndrome in 1.3%, triple X syndrome in0.6%, Duchenne muscular dystrophy in 0.3%, fragile X syndrome in 0.3%, Di George syndrome in 0.3%, partial trisomy 3 in 0.3%, 4p partial deletion in 0.3%, partial trisomy 18 in 0.3% of chromosomal disorders group).
Kiver et al. reported that chromosomal disorders (trisomy 21 with
15.5%) were the most common indication of TOP in 1746 cases terminated
We found that PPROM was the third most common indication of TOP after structural and chromosomal abnormalities with a rate of 13.2%. We attributed this to study at a university hospital-tertiary center, with perinatology and neonatal intensive care units, and high referral rates in early gestational weeks. This wasa study previously reported from Turkey, Baran et al. reported PPROM as the most common TOP indication [22].
All PPROM cases in our study were isolated PPROM cases below the viability limit
(
According to the German Federal Statistical Office data, the TOP rate has
decreased in the last two decades, but there has been an increase in the
termination rates above the viability limit. It was stated that only early
screening of maternal and fetal conditions can considerably prevent pregnancy
terminations above the viability limit [17]. Fetal viability is defined as the
point at which the fetus can survive independently of pregnancy. The Royal
College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (RCOG) defines the viability limit as
23
The mean termination week of our cases was 18 weeks and 90% of the terminations
were performed before 23
However, in the presented study, termination rates were found to be considerably lower than the studies found by Tayyar et al., by Gedikbasi et al. [18, 27].
Legal regulations of every country determine the principles of TOP according to range of gestational weeks and maternal, fetal and other specific criminal-cultural indications. These regulations are arranged under family planning regulations in Turkey [8, 9]. In 43 states of the USA, TOP is prohibited after a certain week of gestation (mostly within the limits of fetal viability), except when it is vital for the women’s life. In many European countries, it is possible to terminate the pregnancy in the early gestational weeks (usually up to 12 weeks) and in some special cases it allows the termination of pregnancy in the following weeks. While in Iran, pregnancy can be allowed for up to 16 weeks if maternal life is at risk or if there are fetal problems, in Ireland and Malta, which are European countries, termination is prohibited regardless of gestational week except in cases that threaten the life of the mother [27, 29]. TOP up to 10 weeks of pregnancy is legal in Turkey with the couple’s request. In cases of gestational week more than 10 weeks, termination of pregnancy can be made by two physicians’ decision, regardless of gestational week, in cases where the continuation of pregnancy threatens the life of the mother and/or in cases of fatal or incurable chromosomal and congenital structural abnormalities that may cause serious problems in the fetus [8, 9].
In 42 states of the USA, Belgium, Denmark, France and Italy the physician has the right to refuse medical TOP. In Turkey, there is no right of conscientious refusal to process of the physician or health care workers under the law because of religious reasons or pregnancy termination [29]. These situations sometimes hinder physicians in their decisions to terminate [5, 15]. In the method used in termination of pregnancy, the College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that women should be offered a choice for a medical or surgical termination whenever possible [30].
Although the gestational week varies according to the previous uterine surgery
and the patient’s history, the first trimester terminations are mostly performed
by dilatation curettage method, while the second trimester terminations include
systemic or local drugs, cervical dilatators such as Foley balloon, dilatation
extraction, intraamniotic medication, hysterotomy and hysterectomy [31]. Both
medical and surgical methods can be used for second trimester pregnancy
termination (after 12 weeks of gestation). First, mifepristone and misoprostol
are preferred. Misoprostol can be effectively used alone if mifepristone is not
available. Dilation and evacuation (D&E) is a safe surgical choice, especially
if adequate cervical dilatation is achieved [32]. Since all our cases were over
10 weeks, misoprostol was used as the first choice. Foley balloon dilatations,
cervical dilators (Dilapan-S
Since fetal abnormalities are one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality,
early diagnosis of these pregnancies is very important. It is important for
countries to establish and standardize national fetal abnormality screening
programs and to implement routinely first trimester combined screening test (NT
SSD designed the research study. SSD, EC performed the research. SSD , EC and SA analyzed the data. SSD wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to editorial changes in the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped us write this manuscript. Thanks to all referees and editors for their comments and suggestions.
The authors report no declarations of interest.