IMR Press / CEOG / Volume 43 / Issue 6 / DOI: 10.12891/ceog3852.2016

Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology (CEOG) is published by IMR Press from Volume 47 Issue 1 (2020). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with S.O.G.

Editorial
Improving the chance of successful implantation – part I – embryo attachment to the endometrium and adequate trophoblast invasion
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1 Cooper Medical School Of Rowan University, Department Of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Camden, NJ
2 Cooper Institute for Reproductive and Hormonal Disorders, P.C., Mt. Laurel, NJ
3 Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, PA (USA)
Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 2016, 43(6), 787–791; https://doi.org/10.12891/ceog3852.2016
Published: 10 December 2016
Abstract

The first in a series on improving embryo implantation is presented with emphasis on embryo attachment and trophoblast invasion. Purpose: To present knowledge of events needed for embryo attachment to the endometrium and subsequent trophoblast invasion and uterine remodeling leading to successful pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Based on normal events, some practical suggestions are proposed as to possible means of improving pregnancy rates by enhancing possible embryo attachment and trophoblast invasion. Results: Potential benefits of achieving adequate serum estradiol levels at peak follicular maturation, and the benefits of progesterone inthe luteal phase are discussed. Also the potential benefits of purposeful endometrial injury is considered. Conclusions: Knowledge of the events leading to embryo attachment and trophoblast invasion could lead to novel research ideas helping to improve pregnancy rates in addition to proper hormone supplementation and endometrial biopsy.
Keywords
Spiral arteries
Uterine natural killer cells
Uterine macrophages
Chemokines
Trophoblast invasion
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