Introduction: Mild endometriosis may be present in fertile or infertile women. When present in infertile women it could be merely an innocent bystander, and some other problem could be causing the difficulty in conceiving, or it may in some way be directly responsible for the infertility problem. Sometimes to achieve a pregnancy, only these other infertility factors need to be treated with no specific treatment for the endometriosis per se. However there are some data suggesting that some­times treating the endometriosis surgically may be helpful. Methods: The pregnancy outcome in women with probable endometriosis vs those without this entity (based on serum CA-125 levels) was compared with treatment rendered only to correcting ovulatory defects with no specific treatment ren­dered to the endometriotic lesions during the first six months of therapy. Another study evaluated the efficacy of laparosco­pic removal of endometriosis vs leaving the lesions untouched on pregnancy outcome in women who failed to conceive after at least eight months of all infertility factors corrected. Results: No difference in pregnancy outcome was found in women with probable endometriosis vs none after six months of correcting ovulation defects. However, for the minority not conceiving after such therapy removing the endometriosis sur­gically significantly improved fertility rates in the next eight months. Conclusions: The probable presence of endometriosis based on symptoms, signs, or serologic evidence should prompt careful evaluation and treatment of subtle ovulatory problems, e.g., luteal phase defects and luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome. Therapeutic strategies for those women failing to conceive after 6-8 months of conservative therapy could be lapa­roscopic removal of observed endometriotic implants or consideration of in vitro fertilization.